三维石墨烯基多孔碳材料的制备及对污染物的吸附性能研究进展

Preparation of Three-dimensional Graphene-based Porous Carbon Materials and Their Adsorption Properties for Pollutants:a Review

一维的碳纳米管(Carbon nanotubes,CNTs)和二维的氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)是常见的碳纳米材料,被广泛应用于环境污染物的吸附去除。它们在水体中易发生团聚和堆积,使其在实际应用中受到限制,因此急需寻找新型吸附碳材料。近十年来,随着对碳基纳米材料的深入研究,三维石墨烯基多孔碳材料(Three-dimensional graphene-based porous carbon materials,3D GBMs)引起了研究者的密切关注。3D GBMs是由石墨烯基纳米材料在一定条件下组装形成的多孔碳材料。它不仅具有高孔隙率和大表面积的特点,还有良好的力学性能,且易于回收和循环利用。3D GBMs因继承了单体材料的性能,已成为近年来研究的热点。根据3D GBMs独特的结构和性能,其已被应用于环境修复、催化剂和能源储存等诸多领域。然而,关于3D GBMs的研究依然存在一些挑战。例如,前驱体的原材料、尺寸、pH值可能影响3D GBMs的吸附性能;制备方法有待选择和优化,冷冻干燥处理过程对3D多孔结构的破坏等,这将直接影响3D GBMs性能的发挥。因此,3D GBMs的制备流程需要进一步深入探讨,以期更好地满足实际应用的需求。目前,研究者通过水热还原、化学还原及化学气相沉积等方法制备了不同性能的3D GBMs。不同的制备方法归根结底是对3D GBMs进行各种功能化处理。研究发现,通过不同处理方式功能化的3D GBMs吸附剂,均可对目标污染物达到良好的去除效果。然而,3D GBMs的吸附性能受多种因素影响,其中合成环节是研究3D GBMs吸附性能的主要关注点。这是因为前驱体、制备条件及干燥过程等均能影响3D GBMs的结构和性能。了解不同制备过程对3D GBMs吸附性能的影响,将有助于推广其在环境污染治理领域的应用。本文总结了3D GBMs不同的制备方法,同时以制备流程为主线,重点论述了各制备环节对3D GBMs吸附性能的影响。最后,提出了三个主要的展望方向:水凝胶在实际应用中的角色剖析、表面积测定新方法、3D GBMs的潜在环境风险。本文不仅能推动3D GBMs在水处理领域的发展,而且也将为其在其他领域的制备和应用提供理论指导。

One-dimensional(carbon nanotubes,CNTs)and two-dimensional(graphene oxide,GO)carbon nanomaterials are widely used in the adsorption and removal of environmental pollutants.However,their practical applications have been restricted because of their agglomeration and accumulation in water.So it is imperative to search for new carbon materials.Three-dimensional graphene-based porous carbon materials(3D GBMs)have recently drawn more and more attention with the in-depth research on these carbonaceous nanomaterials in the last decade.The 3D GBMs are assembled from porous carbon materials or biomass under certain conditions.They have high porosity,large surface area,good mechanical properties and easy to recycle.Moreover,3D GBMs have become a research hot spot in recent years due to their inherited properties of monomer materials.Due to their unique structure and performance,3D GBMs have been applied in many fields such as environmental remediation,catalyst and energy storage,especially in the field of environmental remediation.But there are some shortcomings that can affect the performance of 3D GBMs.For example,the precursor material,size and pH may affect the adsorption performance of 3D GBMs.The preparation method needs to be selected and optimized,the damage of freeze-drying process to 3D porous structure.The further research will be needed to explore their preparation and adsorption properties.The 3D GBMs with different properties have been prepared by various methods,such as hydrothermal reduction,chemical reduction and che-mical vapor deposition.The different preparing methods were rooted in the surface functionalization of 3D GBMs.It has been found that 3D GBMs adsorbents with good removal capacity on target pollutants can be achieved by distinctive treatment methods.However,some researchers have noted that the adsorption performance of 3D GBMs can be affected by many factors.The synthesis is the main focus of research on factors affec-ting adsorption performance,among which the synthesis is the main focus of the study on the adsorption performance of 3D GBMs.This is because precursor,hydrothermal reaction and drying process can all affect the structure and performance of 3D GBMs.It is indicated that the preparation method of 3D GBMs and the factors affecting its adsorption properties need to be further studied.Understanding the effects of various pre-paration processes on the adsorption of pollutants of 3D GBMs will be helpful to promote its application in the field of environmental governance.In this article,different preparation methods of 3D GBMs are summarized.Meanwhile,the main topic is the preparation process.According to the preparation process,the influence of each preparation step on the adsorption performance of 3D GBMs is emphatically discussed.Finally,three major prospects in this paper are proposed,including dissecting the role of hydrogel in practical application,measuring surface area me-thods and existing potential environmental risks of 3D GBMs.This review will not only promote the development of 3D GBMs in the field of water treatment,but also provide theoretical guidance for its preparation and application in other fields.