铜冶炼渣制备建筑材料及功能材料的研究进展

Research Progress on Preparation of Building Materials and Functional Materials with Copper Metallurgical Slag

铜是现代工业中不可或缺的基础材料,作为世界上最大的精炼铜生产国,我国每年产出近2000万t铜冶炼渣(以下简称铜渣)。虽然铜渣中含有大量有价金属,但因其综合利用率极低,绝大部分的铜渣露天堆积,占用大量土地。此外,铜渣中含有不可生物降解性的砷、铅等剧毒物质,在堆积过程中会浸入土壤、流入江河,在生物体内积累,导致许多疾病与健康隐患。如何利用铜渣缓解矿产资源压力,实现经济与环境共赢,已成为当下迫切需要处理的难题。铜渣富含铁和硅元素,主要由铁硅酸盐和磁铁矿相组成,提取和分离其中的铜、铁等有价元素的工艺不仅能耗高,也达不到无害化和减量化处理的目的。而铜渣能够直接、完全应用于建筑材料的制备,可获得相应高性能的材料,工艺过程环保,是铜渣清洁利用的首选方案。用铜渣取代天然矿物制备的铜渣微晶玻璃与矿渣棉不仅具有与传统微晶玻璃、矿棉相似甚至更优的性能,而且能够减少环境污染,降低工业成本,实现废渣高附加值再利用,具有广阔的市场前景。此外,虽然铜渣在建筑、功能材料等领域的应用研究取得了显著成效,但也存在一些不足之处需要进一步研究。例如,利用铜渣制备混凝土时,需要对铜渣的活性进行激发,但物理激发因经济因素导致效果有限,而化学激发不能应用于大规模工程;铜渣制备出的微晶玻璃产品质量不稳定、成品率低、色调单一,不能满足市场需求;铜渣成分复杂且差异较大,严重影响水泥混凝土、微晶玻璃的性能可控性。本文综述了不同炼铜工艺所产生的铜渣的物相特征及物理性质,分析了利用选矿及物理化学方法提取铜渣中铜、铁有价金属过程存在的问题,介绍了铜渣直接用于水泥、混凝土、沥青路面等建筑材料以及微晶玻璃、矿渣棉、磨料等功能材料方面的应用研究现状,剖析了铜渣在制备建筑、功能材料方面的清洁工艺中存在的问题和缺陷,并展望了其应用与研究方向。

Copper is an indispensable basic material in modern industry.As the world’s largest refined copper producer,China produces nearly 20 million tons of copper smelting slag(hereinafter referred to as copper slag)every year.Although it contains a large number of valuable metals,as lower comprehensive utilization rate,the vast majority of copper slag were open-air accumulated,occupying a lot of land.In addition,the slag contains non-biodegradable matters such as arsenic,lead and other highly toxic substances,which will go deep into the soil and flow into rivers during the accumulation process and accumulate in the biological body,leading to many diseases and health risks.How to use copper slag to relieve the pressure of mineral resources and achieve a win-win situation between economy and environment has become an urgent problem.Copper slag is rich in iron and silicon,mainly composed of iron silicate and magnetite,the process to extract and separate valuable elements such as copper and iron need more energy consumption,and cannot achieve the purpose of ultimate harmless and reduce amount treatment.When copper slag is directly applied to the preparation of building materials,the corresponding high-performance materials can be obtained,and the utilization process has no additional energy consumption and no secondary pollution,so it is the preferred plan for the clean utilization of copper slag.Copper slag glass-ceramics and slag wool are prepared by replacing natural minerals with copper slag,which not only have similar or even better performance with traditional glass-ceramics and mineral wool,but also can solve environmental pollution,reduce industrial cost and rea-lize high value-added reuse of waste residue,and have broad market prospect.In addition,although the application of copper slag in construction,functional materials and other fields has achieved significant results,there are some shortcomings need further research.For example,when copper slag is used to prepare concrete,it is necessary to stimulate the activity of copper slag.However,physical excitation has limited effect due to economic factors,and chemical excitation cannot be applied in large-scale engineering.The microcrystalline glass produced by copper slag has unstable quality,low yield and monotonous color,which cannot meet the market demand.The composition of copper slag is complex and varies greatly in different areas,which seriously affects the controllability of cement concrete and glass-ceramics.This paper reviews the phase characteristics and physical properties of copper slags generated by different copper smelting process,and analyzes the problems existing in the process to extract valuable metals such as copper and iron from copper slag performed by dressing and physical and chemical method,and introduces the present research situation of copper slag directly used in building materials such as cement,concrete and asphalt pavement,as well as the functional materials such as microcrystalline glass,mineral wool and abrasive materials,and analyzes the problems and defects existing in the cleaning preparation process with copper slag on the aspects of the architectural and functional materials,and points out its application and the research trend aimed at improving the utilization of copper slag.