甘肃省华亭市核桃生育期气候适宜度分析

Analysis of Climate Suitability of Walnut Growth Period in Huating City of Gansu Province

利用1990—2017年《华亭统计年鉴》和华亭市气象站资料,用统计学方法分析华亭市核桃丰收年和歉收年气候特点,普查主要气象要素及灾害天气对核桃种植业的危害,得出华亭核桃种植中的气象问题,分析核桃气候产量与月平均气温、月降水量、月日照时数的相关性,建立核桃气候产量预测模式。结果表明,核桃树是喜温、喜雨、喜光照树种;华亭市东南部神峪、上关、安口、石堡子、东华、砚峡等乡镇气候温暖湿润,光照充足利于核桃生长。核桃种植中主要气象灾害是风雹和晚霜冻;整个生育期气温偏高时华亭市核桃一般是丰产年,在1990—2018年这29年中,受强霜冻危害大幅度减产或绝收的只有2年,仅占总年数的6.9%;华亭市气象灾害对核桃产量影响相对较轻,气候适合核桃生长,适宜大面积种植。2017年华亭市种植核桃树5419.67 hm^2,占耕地面积的20.33%,相对较少,应将栽种面积提高到耕地面积35%以上。核桃树种植对土壤条件要求较低,可以利用退耕还林的山荒地栽植核桃树。10年以上树龄的核桃树,可收入15万元/(hm^2·a),经济效益显著,应大力倡导农民种植核桃树。华亭市发展现代农业,应以增加农民收入为主导,抛弃以前的种粮为主的老思路,开发局地小气候资源,大力发展核桃种植业,促进华亭市农业发展,推动农业结构调整。

Using the data of Huating Statistical Yearbook from 1990 to 2017 and the Huating City meteorological station,the climatic characteristics of the harvest and poor harvest years of walnuts in Huating City were analyzed by statistical methods.The main meteorological factors and the hazards of disaster weather to the walnut planting industry were surveyed,and the meteorological problems in Huating walnut planting were obtained.Correlation between climatic output of walnut and monthly average temperature,monthly precipitation and monthly sunshine hours was analyzed,and a prediction model of walnut climatic output was established.The results showed that walnut trees were the species that likes temperature,rain and light;the climate in the southeast of Huating City,Shenyu,Shangguan,Ankou,Shibuzi,Donghua and Yanxia was warm and humid,and sufficient light was good for walnut growth.The main meteorological disasters in walnut planting were hailstorm and late frost;the walnut in Huating City was generally a high-yield year when the temperature was high during the whole growth period.In the 29 years from 1990 to 2018,only two years of walnut production reduction or harvest were severely damaged by strong frost,accounting for 6.9%of the total number of years;the impact of meteorological disasters on walnut production in Huating City was relatively light,and the climate was suitable for walnut growth,which could be large-scale accumulated planting.In 2017,5419.67 hm^2 of walnut trees were planted in Huating City,which accounted for 20.33%of the cultivated land area,which was relatively small.The planting area should be increased to more than 35%of the cultivated land area.The requirements for walnut tree planting were relatively low on soil conditions,and it could be used to plant walnut trees in mountain wasteland of returning farmland to forest.For walnut trees with more than 10 years of age,the annual income per acre was 150000 yuan/(hm^2·a),and the economic benefits were significant,therefore,farmers should be strongly encouraged to plant walnut trees.The development of modern agriculture in Huating City should be led by increasing farmers'income and abandoning the old ideas of grain cultivation.We should develop local microclimate resources,such as vigorously developing walnut cultivation industry,promoting agricultural development in Huating City,and agricultural structural adjustment.