活态传承视角下我国传统村落保护思路思辨

Rethinking on the Conservation Paradigm of Traditional Villages in China Under the Perspective of Living Transmission

我国传统村落代表的是《德里宣言(2017)》中提及的"小型的、日常和实用的遗产",它所肩负的使命不同于历史文化名村这类"不朽和杰出的遗产"。然而,囿于现实工作条件,对村落中物质性遗产的过度关注以及解构化工作思维,导致保护成效与保护初衷渐行渐远。该文以党家村现象为例,重新审视了传统村落中四项遗产保护原则的适用范围后,强调:以维护全球文化多样性和保育中华传统文化为目标的我国传统村落保护工作,工作重心不应放在作为文化解译与表征的物质空间和仅为文化片断的具体非物质文化遗产项目的保护上。传统村落作为复杂的有机整体,各个组成要素之间互动共生。传统村落的保护应以这个有机整体的健康延续,即活态传承为根本目标。最后,以日本合掌村为例,提出文化认同感和自豪感的培育,人与空间、文化的互动关系研究等应为下一阶段传统村落保护首要解决的问题。

Chinese traditional villages represent"small,every-day and utilitarian heritage"mentioned in the Delhi Declaration on Heritage and Democracy(ICOMOS,2017).The mission of them is different from"immortal and outstanding ones",such as Chines Famous Historical and Cultural Villages.However,due to current practice conditions,excessive attentions to the material heritage parts and deconstructive conservation practice paradigm is implementing,which have led to the effectiveness of protection and the original intention of protection being gradually separated.Taking Dangjia village phenomenon as an example,w e re-exam ine the applicability of the four heritage conservation principles in those villages,and emphasize that the conservation of traditional villages in China,which aims at maintaining global cultural diversity and preserving traditional Chinese culture,and should not focus on the protection of material parts that just as cultural interpretation and representation and specific intangible cultural heritage items that are only cultural fragments.As a complex organic whole,traditional villages are interactive and symbiotic among various components.The protection of traditional villages should be based on the healthy continuation of this organic whole,namely living transmission.Finally,taking Japanese Gassho Zukuri Folk village as an example,we propose that the cultivation of cultural identity and pride,and the study of the interaction between human beings,space and culture should be the primary issues to be solved for the current village protection in the next stage.