揭开学习的奥秘:焦点学生学习历程的观察与分析

Uncovering the Mystery of Learning:Observation and Analysis of Students’Learning Process

课堂观察是教师把握学生学情的重要方法,有助于教学有效性的提升.经过长期发展,课堂观察的方法更加多元,呈现出量化研究与质性研究相结合的趋势.实践证明,焦点学生学习历程观察与分析作为一种有效的课堂观察方法,对一线教师更为适用.焦点学生学习历程观察与分析的方法标志着课堂观察范式的转换:观察目的从"观摩—评价"取向转换到"观察—自我反思"取向;观察焦点从观察"执教教师的教学过程"转换到"具体学生的完整学习历程";观察深度从观察"学生外显行为"转换到探究"学生的真实世界".同时,焦点学生学习历程观察与分析的方法要深入学生学习情境,阐释学生学习的关键事件,主要表现在以下五个方面:学生学习心理状态变化之时;学生独特认知风格显现之时;学生学习的困顿之处;学生间的社会关系呈现之时;学生学习成果特征显露之时.另外,课堂观察要与课后研讨相结合,要对学生学习的关键事件进行回溯与多元化分析,并在此过程中重新发现学生与改进教学.

As an important method for teachers to grasp students’learning,classroom observation is helpful to improve the effectiveness of teaching.Methods of classroom observation have been diversified over the long period of time,emphasizing the trend of combining quantitative research with qualitative research.In light of practical meanings,Individual-Student Observation,as an effective classroom observation method,turns to be more suitable for front-line teachers,marking the transformation of classroom observation paradigm.Specifically,the purpose of observation has been shifted from"observation-evaluation"to"observation-self-reflection";the observation focus has been shifted from"teaching process"to"the whole process of students’learning";and the depth has been shifted from"students’external behavior"to"students’mental world".At the same time,Individual-Student Observation encourages researchers to go deep into the students’learning and then explain the critical incidence of students’learning,which are mainly manifested in the following five aspects:the time when the students’learning psychological state changes;the time when the students’unique cognitive style appears;the difficulty of students’learning;the time when the social relations between students are presented;and the time when students’learning achievements are revealed.In addition,classroom observation should be combined with after-class discussion on the recall and multi-facet analysis of students’critical incidence so as to rediscover students’learning and improve teaching.