纯粹经济利益还是生育自主权:错误怀孕和错误出生诉讼的恰当路径

Pure Economic Benefit vs.Reproductive Autonomy:The Appropriate Approach in Wrongful Conception and Wrongful Birth Cases

在典型错误怀孕、错误出生案件中,父母所受损害为纯粹精神损害和纯粹经济损失。妊娠分娩本身并不构成身体权受侵害,而在人格权体系里也没有所谓生育自主权的存在余地。就生育事务的意志自主属《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》第1条第2款所规定的"其他人格利益",只有加害行为违背社会公德,父母方得请求精神损害赔偿。就纯粹经济损失最主要的内容而言就是孩子的抚养费用,应考察父母接受相关医疗服务的目的以判断能否得到赔偿。德国法院遵从的规范保护目的说与美国部分判例倡导的动机分析思路相同,乃为恰当法律路径,唯前者于目的解释上失之于宽,后者更合乎法的价值取向。

In wrongful conception and wrongful birth cases,the injuries sustained by the parents of the unplanned children are pure psychological injury and pure economic loss. Pregnancy and birth per se are not bodily injury,and there is no such special personality right as reproductive autonomy exists in legal systems. According to section 1,paragraph 2 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Concerning the Compensation for Psychological Injury in Civil Torts,the parents could claim to the compensation only when the defendant transgresses social morality. Whether the most important sector of pure economic loss,i. e. the childrearing expenses,could be compensated depend on the motivation the parents seeking reproductive related medical services. The normative protective purpose theory observed by German courts and the motivation analysis advocated by some American courts are the appropriate approaches to the solution of the problem of determining equitable damages in such cases,despite the former is less comprehensive in the interpretation of the purpose,and the latter is more in line with the law’s value orientation.