中国体育运动学校嬗变历程、现实问题与治理策略研究

Research on the Evolution Process,Practical Problems and Governance Strategies of Chinese Sports Schools

后备人才培养质量和效益是竞技体育可持续发展的动力。建国70周年以来,各级各类体育运动学校作为我国创建最早、规模最大、基础最牢的青少年体育训练组织,以发现、挖掘、培养和输送竞技体育后备人才为我国体育事业做出了巨大贡献。研究认为,依据我国体育事业发展转型与各级各类体育运动学校改革的重要政策支撑和时间节点,其经历了创建开端期(1953-1971年)、体制机遇期(1972-1990年)、地位凸显期(1991-2008年)和改革挑战期(2009年至今)四个时期。受社会治理环境和体育治理改革等外部因素的影响,以及各级各类体育运动学校内部管理体制滞后、办校理念陈旧、体教融合障碍、文化教育不足等内部问题障碍,我国体育运动学校走到了十字路口。在"体校管理"转变为"体校治理"理念下,体校应形成以开放、多元的公共体育事业参与机制,实施精准破解瓶颈、精准培育人才、精准扶持发展、精准履行职能、精准释放功能的改革举措,促使其朝着政策跨域化、培养精英化、布局重点化、层级体系化、功能多元化的精准治理趋势发展,从而使我国各级各类体育运动学校可持续发展,适应新时代背景下国家政治、经济、文化和体育事业全面深化改革的需要。

The quality and efficiency of reserve talents training is the motive force of sustainable development of competitive sports.Since the founding of the people’s republic of China seven decades ago,all kinds of sports schools at all levels,as the earliest and largest youth training organizations with the firmest foundation,have made great contributions to the sports undertaking in China by discovering,excavating,training and injecting reserve talents for competitive sports.It is showed that it can be divided into four periods according to the important policy supporting and the time nodes of the development and transformation of sports undertakings and the reform of sports schools in China:the initial period of establishment(1953-1971),the period of institutional opportunities(1972-1990),the period of prominent status(1991-2008)and the period of reform challenge(2009-present).Influenced by external factors,such as the change of social governance environment and the reform of sports governance,as well as the internal problems like the hysteresis of internal management system,the outdated schoolrunning concept,the obstacles to the integration of sports and education,and insufficient cultural and educational issues,China’s sports schools have come to a crossroads.From the concept of“sports school management”to“sports schools governance”,the sports schools should take shape in an open and diversified public sports participation mechanism,implement reforming measures to crack the bottleneck accurately,cultivate talents accurately,support development accurately,perform functions accurately and release functions accurately and promote their development toward the trend of precise governance for the reform of cross-regional policy,elite cultivation,emphasizing layout,hierarchical systematization and functional diversification.And then all kinds of sports schools at all levels in our country can be developed sustainably and adapt to the needs of national political,economic,cultural and sports comprehensively deepening reform in the context of the new era.