墨西哥恰帕斯州印第安社会的田野研究省思

Reflections on Fieldwork of Indigenous Society in Chiapas of Mexico

对美国和墨西哥学界恰帕斯研究成果的梳理表明,在国家中心主义和现代化的诉求下,20世纪美国人类学对墨西哥印第安社会的研究旨在美墨两国的对比中呈现、剖析印第安社会与文明的特征,实现对美国利益及其支配的全球体系的维护;在混血作为民族国家象征的语境下,20世纪的墨西哥人类学研究长期致力于将印第安人整合为现代民族国家公民的理论建设与实践。新自由主义改革导致的社会裂变使墨西哥人类学界的印第安研究沦为政治观点交锋的战场。萨帕塔运动后,墨西哥人类学研究出现了反思全球化的实践转向,开始强化与世界各大区域人类学研究的合作。中国学者对恰帕斯印第安社会的民族志研究,不仅是凝视墨西哥的行动,更是在与墨西哥社会多元主体交互凝视的参与实践中反思、批判全球化与世界体系,重塑全球社会的实践。

This paper sorts out results of Mexican Chiapas research in academia of USA and Mexico,showing that under the demands of state-centrism and modernization,the study of Mexican indigenous society by American anthropology in the 20 th Century aims to present and analyze the characteristics of Indigenous society through the comparison between the United States and Mexico,so as to safeguard the interests of the United States and the global system dominated by it.In the context of mixed race as a symbol of nation-state,Mexican anthropology in the 20 th Century has long been committed to the theoretical construction and practice of assimilating indigenous people into citizens of modern nation states.The social crack caused by the neo-liberal reform reduced the indigenous studies in Mexican anthropology to the expression of political standpoint.After the Zapatista movement,the anthropological study in Mexico began to emerge a practice turn to reflect on globalization and to strengthen cooperation with anthropological research in various regions of the world.The ethnography study of indigenous society in Chiapas is not only an act of gazing at Mexican society,but also a practice of reflecting and criticizing globalization and the world system,and reshaping the global society in the practice of interacting with multiple subjects of Mexican society.