水体中芳香类有机化合物吸附材料的研究进展

Research Progress of the Aromatic Organic CompoundAdsorption Materials in Water

随着工业的发展,各种有机化合物的种类越来越多,使用也越来越广泛。有机化合物尤其是芳香类化合物的大规模使用给人们带来了便利,但芳香类化合物有毒,会对人体造成损害,可以引发人体内分泌系统疾病、神经系统疾病等,严重的还会引发内脏衰竭,甚至癌症。一旦处理不完全,芳香类化合物便可以随着工业废水、生活废水、医疗废水等进入自然水体。由于其在自然环境下很难自然降解,可以在水体中不断积累,因此对芳香类化合物的后续处理是必须面对的问题。目前,处理水体中有机污染物的主要方法有吸附法、催化降解法、沉淀法、微生物处理法等。其中,吸附法由于具有操作简单、成本低廉的优势,是目前应用十分广泛的方法之一。吸附法处理的核心是吸附材料的选择。吸附材料从最早期的活性炭、沸石、膨润土、竹纤维等天然材料,发展到现在的石墨烯、碳纳米管、吸附树脂等高性能改性材料。早期的活性炭、沸石、竹纤维等材料具有较大的比表面积和丰富的孔道结构,但其不具备选择性,在复杂环境下,不能吸附特定物质,而且容易达成吸附饱和。此外,早期材料的孔道类型往往为封闭型,故而再生性能不好,往往只能作为一次性材料。早期材料虽然有一定不足,但由于成本低廉,目前依然在大规模使用。新型的石墨烯、碳纳米管等材料往往具有更大的比表面积、更丰富的孔隙、更强的吸附作用力等,且经改性后,再生性能改善明显。新一代吸附材料往往可以重复利用10次以上,部分改性甚至可以使材料使用次数达50次以上。但新一代材料的合成和应用成本往往很高,并且虽然选择性有一定改善,但在复杂环境下,吸附位点被占用的问题仍未得到很好的解决。本文从材料类型的角度出发,分别展示了传统吸附材料、碳材料、膜材料、大孔树脂材料的应用和研究进展,以期为新型吸附材料的研发和制备提供参考。

With the development of industry,the use of various organic compounds is more and more extensive,and the types of organic compounds are manifold.The large-scale use of organic compounds,especially aromatic compounds,bring much convenience to people,but at the same time,cause damage to the human body,which can lead to endocrine system diseases,nervous system diseases,and even cause visceral failure and cancer.Once the treatment is incomplete,aromatic compounds can enter the natural water with industrial wastewater,domestic wastewater and medical wastewater.Because they are difficult to degrade naturally in the natural environment,and they can accumulate conti-nuously in water,so the follow-up treatment of aromatic compounds is a problem we must face.At present,the main methods to treat organic pollutants in water include adsorption,catalytic degradation,precipitation,microbial treatment and so on.Because of the advantages of simple operation and low cost,adsorption method is one of the most widely used methods.The core of adsorption treatment is the selection of adsorption materials.Adsorption materials developed from the earliest activated carbon,zeolite,bentonite,bamboo fiber and other natural materials to the present graphene,carbon nanotubes,adsorption resin and other high-performance modified materials.Activated carbon,zeolite,bamboo fiber and other materials have a large specific surface area and rich channel structure,but due to the lack of selectivity in complex environment,they cannot absorb specific substances,and easy to achieve adsorption saturation.In addition,channels that the early materials had are often closed,which lead to the poor regeneration performance.Early materials often can only be used as disposable materials.Although the early materials have some shortcomings,but because of the low cost,they are still in large-scale use now.New graphene,carbon nanotubes and other materials further expand the advantages of traditional materials,which tend to have larger specific surface area,more abundant pores,and stronger adsorption force and so on,and make certain improvements on this basis,especially obvious improvement in regeneration performance.The new generation of adsorption materials can often be reused for more than 10 times,and some of the modification focusing on regenerative properties can even make the materials used for more than 50 times.However,the cost of synthesis and application of new generation materials is often very high,and although the selectivity has been improved to some extent,the problem of occupied adsorption sites has not been well solved in complex environments.In this paper,from the perspective of material type,the application and research progress of traditional adsorption materials,carbon materials,membrane materials and macro porous resin materials are presented respectively,in order to provide references for the development and preparation of new adsorption materials.