高风险运动行为的测量、影响因素及理论解释

Measurement,Influential Factors and Theoretical Explanation of High⁃Risk Sports Behavior

在国家大力发展休闲运动产业以及高风险运动参与者越来越多的背景下,探究高风险运动行为,对于防范运动伤亡风险、保障休闲运动产业健康并高质量发展具有重要意义。研究通过文献回顾,对高风险运动行为测量、影响因素及相关理论进行了梳理。结果表明:高风险运动行为的测量工具包括领域内的高风险运动行为量表和运动中冒险行为量表,缺少客观评价指标;高风险运动行为主要受人格特质、动机、情绪、风险认知、自我效能五个内因和经济条件、情境两个外因的共同影响;感觉寻求生物行为模型实现了从人格、神经系统到神经化学的链接,较好地揭示了高风险运动行为的发生基础与发展过程,但囿于其内因框架,难以解释不同情境下的风险行为的不一致性;未来的理论探究需从个体--情境关系考虑内因与外因的交互作用,以更好地测评、解释高风险运动行为。

It has great significance to explore high-risk sports behavior for preventing sports casualty risks and ensuring the health and high-quality development of the leisure sports industry in the context of the vigorous development of the leisure sports industry in China and the increasing number of high-risk sports participants.The paper studied the high-risk sports behavior measurement,influencing factors and related theories by literature review.The result shows measuring tools for high-risk sports behavior include high-risk sports behavior scales in the field and risk-taking behavior scales in sports,and lack objective evaluation indicators.High-risk sports behavior is mainly affected by five internal factors including personality traits,motivation,emotion,risk perception and self-efficacy,and two external factors including economic conditions and situations.The biobehavioral model for sensation seeking realizes the link from personality,nervous system to neurochemistry,which reveals the occurrence basis and development process of high-risk sports behavior,but it is difficult to explain the inconsistency of risk behavior in different situations because of its internal cause framework.Future theoretical research needs to consider the interaction between internal and external factors taking into account the relationship between individual and situation in order to better evaluate and explain high-risk sports behavior.