传染病背后的科学——从“N个第一”的诞生到传染病的防治

Science behind infectious diseases——From the inventions of many"the first"to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases

现今世界上发达国家的人均寿命已经超过80岁,然而19世纪以前,人类的平均寿命仅有30~40岁,传染性疾病是当时占据首位的死亡原因。一个多世纪以来,人类寿命和健康水平的提高,得益于疫苗和药物的诞生,而在发现和发明这些具有里程碑式的“灵丹妙药”背后,是一场科学的革命。本文对从巴斯德革命性科学“微小生命体理论”的提出,到“细菌致病理论”的建立,到由此诞生的N个控制传染病的“灵丹妙药”发现和发明,进行了比较全面的文献梳理和阐述。旨在让读者在“身临其境”的COVID-19传染病大流行期间,能够重温一下在抗击“瘟疫”的历史长河中诞生的革命性的科学和伟大的科学家,并致敬各行各业为抗击疫情而努力的人们。

Nowadays,the life expectancy of the developed countries in the world has exceeded 80 years,but before the 19th century,the life expectancy of human beings was only 30~40 years.Infectious diseases were the leading cause of death at that time.For more than a century,the improvement of human life span and health level has benefited from the inventions of vaccines and drugs.Behind the discovery and invention of each of these landmark“panacea”,there was a scientific revolution.In this paper,we performed a comprehensive literature review,from the proposal of Pasteur's revolutionary science“germ theory”,to the establishment of“germ theory of disease”,and to the discoveries and inventions of the many“panacea”to control infectious diseases.At the moment of COVID-19 pandemic,we aim to help readers to review the revolutionary science and great scientists emerged in the long history of fighting against the“plague”,and pay homage to people from all walks of life who have worked hard to fight the epidemic.