阿拉伯庇护制度的演变及其当代影响

The Evolution of the Arab Patronate System and Its Contemporary Impact

阿拉伯社会长期存在着适用于外来人(马瓦拉)的庇护制度。该制度不仅决定着外来人的地位及其生存状况,也在一定程度上左右着阿拉伯群体的生存发展以及阿拉伯人与外来人之间的相互关系。公元7世纪以后,庇护制度无论从内容还是形式上都逐渐由部落习俗转变为正式的法律规范。一种涉及宗教、社会、国际关系的伊斯兰秩序也在这一背景下逐步建立。阿拉伯人曾希望借助庇护制度把自己在蒙昧时期的优势地位始终保持下去。然而,中东的民族融合以及阿拉伯统治者对外来人的倚重,使阿拉伯人与外来人的地位发生变化,外来人的地位日益上升。随着阿拉伯社会的历史变迁,庇护制度的重要性已大大下降,但庇护观念依然在很大程度上影响着当今阿拉伯国家的政治发展和社会思潮的形成。

Patronate has long been existed in Arabian society. It not only determines the status of migrant population and their living conditions, but also influences the survival and development of Arab groups and their interrelationships between Arabs and immigrants to a certain extent. Since the 7 th century AD, the patronate has gradually changed from tribal customs to formal legal norms in terms of its content and form, and pax-Islam involving religion, society, and international relations has also been gradually established in this context.The Arabs had hoped to use the patronate to maintain their dominance during the obscurity period. However, the ethnic integration in the Middle East and the dependence of Arab rulers on immigrants have changed the mutual status of Arabs and immigrants, and the social status of the latter had been rising. Although the importance of the patronate has declined greatly with the historical changes of the Arab society, the patronate concept still affects the political development and the formation of social trends in Arab countries to a great extent.