自然主义视角下旅游者幸福感的构成要素研究

Research on the Elements of Tourists’Well-being from a Naturalism Perspective

随着物质生活的日益丰富,人们对出游中的精神满足越来越重视。幸福感是旅游者在旅行中所期望实现的终极目标。纵观现有的旅游者幸福感研究,多数研究对旅游者幸福感的诠释与测量会采用直接借用心理学理论成果的方式,而缺少追根溯源的深入探讨,这种做法局限了幸福感的解释力和视域。幸福感的概念分析缘起于哲学,幸福作为伦理学中的核心概念自古希腊哲学起就得到充分诠释,柏拉图和亚里士多德开创了幸福研究的两大哲学范式,其中,亚里士多德开创的自然主义哲学范式成为当今人文社会科学中幸福研究的主导范式。因此,对旅游者幸福感内涵与构成要素的研究,需要重新挖掘自然主义哲学传统中的相关概念资源。文章借助哲学领域中幸福概念的诠释学研究,结合开放式问卷文本的质性分析,对旅游者幸福感的构成要素进行探究。研究发现,旅游者幸福感是旅游者在非惯常环境中对其体验到的外在和内在对象经过内在认知反省后获得的积极的、稳定的、综合的心理状态。这些心理状态由主体满足要素和主体实现要素两部分组成。扎根分析发现旅游者幸福感是一个多维构念,具体由愉悦感、抽离感、临场感、获得感、满足感、能动感和仪式感7个维度构成。研究对旅游者幸福感概念的重新界定和构成要素的深度分析弥补了原有直接借用心理学幸福感概念化旅游者幸福感的缺陷,使旅游者幸福感的概念定义和测量更为合理,较为全面地反映了旅游者在旅游中所获得的积极效益,进而使旅游者幸福感的研究更为科学化、系统化。

Well-being is a goal for many people throughout their lives.As a result of human development and growth of the social economy,scholars’understanding of the concept of well-being has undergone constant refinement.In the field of tourism,acquiring well-being is a psychological state that many consumers hope to achieve.In the twenty-first century,with improved satisfaction with material life in many parts of the world,people’s demands for quality of life have gradually shifted from satisfaction with material to that with spiritual needs.As a major way for people to achieve spiritual satisfaction,tourism has received increasing attention from the government and people.With the ongoing enrichment of people’s travel experience and gradual development of tourist destinations,the focus of attention with tourism has gradually changed from satisfaction with the destinations themselves to that of tourists’wellbeing.Regarding current research on tourists’well-being,some authors have begun examining that concept.However,the definition of tourists’well-being is still vague;there has been no systematic,targeted investigation of the related elements.Most researchers have equated tourists’well-being with the concept of subjective well-being in general psychology.The concept of subjective well-being allows wellbeing to be a prerequisite for achieving a hedonistic experience.However,there is some controversy over ways to conceptualize tourists’well-being with subjective well-being.As a kind of experiential activity,tourism creates a type of well-being that is different from the subjective well-being emphasized by general psychology.Notably,some meaningful tourism activities produce changes in the tourist at a deeper level,not simply superficial emotional changes.Thus,it is necessary to undertake an exploratory study on the concept and constituent elements of tourists’well-being.The study of well-being began in ancient Greece.Ancient Greek philosophers conducted heated discussions on such issues as the nature of well-being and how it could be achieved.Plato and Aristotle pioneered two philosophical paradigms related to research into well-being.Aristotle’s naturalistic philosophical approach became the dominant model for well-being research in the humanities and social sciences.It is necessary to identify the relevant conceptual thinking in the naturalistic philosophical tradition.Accordingly,the present study uses the speculative concept of well-being in philosophy to analyze the concepts related to interpreting well-being.An open questionnaire survey was adopted to determine tourists’well-being experience.Grounded theory was used to extract the dimensions of the participants’well-being.Subsequently,the results of grounded analysis were complemented by means of content analysis.High-frequency words were categorized in the participants’responses using a prototype model.From the basis of philosophical speculation and empirical research into the concept of well-being,a summary was made of the constituent dimensions and elements of tourists’well-being.The present study found that tourists’well-being is a positive,stable,comprehensive psychological state:it is achieved by tourists introspecting the external and internal objects they experience in that nonhabitual environment.Those psychological states comprise two elements:subject satisfaction and subject realization.Tourists’well-being is a multidimensional construct,which consists of seven elements:sense of pleasure;sense of detachment;sense of presence;sense of satisfaction;sense of gain;sense of ability;and sense of ritual.Interpersonal interaction and environmental facilities are the main preconditions for tourists’well-being.Self-efficacy,life satisfaction,positive attitude,and travel intention are the main outcome variables for tourists’well-being.Redefining the concept of well-being and an in-depth analysis of the constituent elements compensate for the weaknesses in the original appropriation of subjective wellbeing in attempts to conceptualize tourists’well-being.In this way,the definition and assessment of tourists’well-being becomes more appropriate and comprehensive;in turn,the study of tourists’wellbeing becomes more methodical and systematic.Future research can develop an evaluation of tourists’well-being based on the conclusions of the present study and develop a quantitative causality test.