《联合国海洋法公约》视角下国际海事安全制度:构成内容与发展面向

International Maritime Security Regime from the Perspective of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:Composition and development orientation

作为一类与专门的国际海事安全条约共同管控海事风险的并行条约,《联合国海洋法公约》在狭义海事的层面就证书相符的适航要求、主体多元的管控责任和避碰导向的海道划设等内容明确了制度构成。而基于海洋宪章和“伞形公约”的属性,《联合国海洋法公约》确立的“二元并存”的立法准据,不仅有效协调了其与专门的国际海事安全条约的关系.而且将缔约国的国内立法基准设定为“一般接受的国际规则和标准”与“可适用的国际规则和标准”,从而实现了上位法的准据统一。《联合国海洋法公约》通过引入区域协同理念,旨在弥补船旗国、沿海国和港口国等国家管辖权配置的空白,以构建一种覆盖全部海域和所有船舶的海事管控体系。

As a parallel treaty to control maritime risks jointly with special international maritime safety treaties,the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines the institutional composition on the aspects of sea-worthiness requirements,control responsibilities of subject diversity and collision-oriented sea lanes demarcation. In the narrow maritime dimension,while based on the attributes of the Charter of the Sea and the Umbrella Convention,the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes the"dual element co-existence"legislative criterion,which not only effectively coordinates its relationship with the special international maritime security treaties,but also sets the domestic legislative benchmark of the contracting States as"generally acceptable international rules and standards"and"applicable international rules and standards",thus the standard unification of the upper law is realized;The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea introduces the concept of regional coordination and fill the gap in the allocation of national jurisdiction,such as Flag States,Coastal States and port States,in order to construct a maritime control system covering all sea areas and all ships.