张载理学价值观的主题、体系定位及最高原理

The Theme,Positioning and Highest Principle of ZHANG Zai’s Neo-Confucianism Values

任何具有普遍意义的价值观,都是人的动机和行为的准则,同时也代表人的信念或信仰。张载因应北宋时期儒学复兴的时代呼唤,对西周原本作为"德政"的德-礼体系从价值观的角度进行了新的诠释,系统阐发了"尊礼"价值观和"贵德"价值观。张载理学价值观内容丰富,常用德目包括"礼""德""仁""义""智""信""恭""敬""诚",等等。依其重视程度和使用频率可知,"礼"和"德"是其价值观的两个基本类型,"尊礼贵德"是其价值观的主题。"礼"不仅是实现仁、孝等道德价值的途径,而且其本身也具有强烈的价值意义,其性质属于规范伦理或规范价值。"贵德"的核心是"仁""孝","贵德"价值分为仁德价值与孝德价值。张载的价值观在其理学体系中处于"形而中学"层级,发挥着上通与下贯的作用。"尊礼贵德"价值观在生活世界中的方向确定和实施有度,遵循的是作为最高原理的"中正之道"。

Universal values are norms of human motivation and behavior,and also represent human belief or faith.In response to the call for the revival of Confucianism in the Northern Song period,ZHANG Zai gave a new interpretation,from the perspective of values,of the“virtue and propriety(De Li德-礼)system”which was originally a concept of“benevolent governing(De Zheng德政)”in the Western Zhou Dynasty,and systematically expounded the values of“observing proprieties”and“valuing virtues”.ZHANG Zai’s Neo-Confucianism values are rich in content.The virtues he often spoke of include propriety(Li礼),virtue(De德),benevolence(Ren仁),wisdom(Zhi智),faithfulness(Xin信),courtesy(Gong恭),veneration(Jing敬),and integrity(Cheng诚).In terms of degree of attention and frequency of reference,propriety(Li礼)and virtue(De德)are the two basic types of his values.“Observing proprieties and valuing virtues”are the theme of his values.Proprieties(Li礼)are not only the way to realize the moral values of benevolence and filial piety,but also have strong value implication,which are normative ethics and values in nature.Benevolence(Ren仁)and filial piety(Xiao孝)are the cornerstones of“valuing virtues”.Values of“valuing virtues”is divided into the value of benevolence and the value of filial piety.ZHANG Zai’s values are“the philosophy of mean(Xing Er Zhong Xue形而中学)”in his Neo-Confucianism system,serving as an intermediate link.The orientation and proper implementation of the value of“observing proprieties and valuing virtues”in the real world is the pursuit of“the way of rightness”as the highest principle.