难以摆脱的“俄罗斯化”--后苏联流散语境下俄罗斯犹太人的归国难题

Unescapable “Russianization”--Russian Jews’ Returning Home in the Context of Post-Soviet Diaspora

19世纪末以来,以色列一直是俄罗斯犹太群体迁移的主要方向。1965、1990年后的几次大规模移民,促成了"俄罗斯-以色列"为轴心的文化空间格局。在后苏联流散语境下,以色列"大熔炉"理念带有集体认同结构升级的诉求,使当代"流散"的内涵显著复杂化,也使俄罗斯犹太群体的认同问题愈发凸显。俄罗斯犹太历史文化记忆重构是在矛盾分裂的语境下进行的。一方面,在犹太复国主义话语框架下,亟须摆脱流散地意识形态阴影,重建符合犹太集体想象的民族文化源头;另一方面,俄国犹太知识分子受流散地文化影响极深,强调精英智识和精神性,深受民粹派公民意识和历史观的影响,无法与过去彻底决裂,反而愈发依赖流散地历史文化经验对身份认同的意义。在此背景下,以色列的俄罗斯犹太移民身份认同更加倚重集体记忆的建构,呈现出如下趋势:克服俄苏国家话语导致的记忆危机,增强历史文化记忆的约束力;保护流散地的俄罗斯传统,实现文化身份、国家身份的分解与再融合;经历文化适应与对立认同阶段,逐渐向以俄语为基础的流散文化共同体过渡。

Since the end of the 19th century, Israel has always been a main destination for the migration of Russian Jewish groups. Several large-scale migration flows after 1965 and 1990 contributed to the cultural spatial pattern of "Russia-Israel" axis. In the post-Soviet diaspora context, Israel’s "melting pot" concept has a demand for the upgrading of collective identity structure, which complicates the connotation of contemporary "diaspora" and makes the identity issue of the Russian Jewish community more prominent. Russian Jewish historical and cultural memories are reconstructed in the context of contradictions and divisions. On the one hand, under the framework of the Zionist discourse, it is urgent to get rid of the shadow of diaspora ideology and rebuild national culture in line with Jewish collective imagination. On the other hand, Russian Jewish intellectuals are deeply influenced by the diaspora culture, emphasizing elite intelligence and spirituality. They are deeply influenced by populist civic consciousness and historical views, unable to completely break away from the past, but instead relying more on the meaning of historical and cultural experience of the diaspora for their identity. In this context, the identity of Israeli Russian Jewish immigrants depends more on the construction of their collective memory, showing the following trends: overcoming the memory crisis caused by Russian-Soviet national discourse, strengthening the binding of historical and cultural memories;protecting Russian tradition in diaspora, and realizing the decomposition and reintegration of cultural identity and national identity;going through the stage of cultural adaptation and opposing identities, and gradually transitioning to Russian-based diaspora cultural community.