环渤海地区积贝墓研究--兼论汉代环渤海航线之发展

Research on Shell Tombs in the Coastal Areas around the Bohai Sea:The Development of Sea Routes around Bohai during the Han Dynasty

积贝墓是环渤海地区战国秦汉时期具有地域特色的墓葬形式,以往研究多着力于考古发现,对其蕴含的历史文化的关注有待加强。通过对辽南、辽西、山东北部沿海地区积贝墓的统计与对比分析,其在墓室结构、出土器物等方面的一致性更为彰显,夯实了学界已有的相关观点,表明墓主人应属于当时环渤海地区具有相近社会文化面貌的人群。战国秦汉时期,燕、齐之地海上交通发展显著,环渤海地区以徐乡、之罘、庙岛群岛、沓津等为代表的港口,或日臻完善、或初见雏形,环渤海航线得以发展并渐趋成熟。积贝墓集中发现之处,恰与上述古代港口分布有空间重合,应可视为上古时代环渤海海上交通发展的考古学印证。不过,中原文化亦借此在环渤海地区传播、植根,积贝墓的演进与消失或是当地海洋文明吞没于华夏农耕文明历史浪潮中的一个反映。

Shell tomb was a form of burial from the Warring States Period and QinHan dynasties with regional characteristics in the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea.Previous researches mainly focused on archaeological discoveries,yet more attention is needed to reveal the historical and cultural connotations of the shell tombs.Based on statistics and comparative analysis of the shell tombs distributed in the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea,including southern Liaoning Province,western Liaoning Province and coastal areas in northern Shandong Province,obvious consistency on tomb structure and unearthed objects can be noticed,which reinforces the existing views in the academic circle that the owners of the tombs were people with similar social and cultural features in the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea at that time.The Warring States period and Qin-Han dynasties witnessed remarkable development of maritime transport in the States of Yan and Qi,representative ports such as Xuxiang(徐乡)and Zhifu(之罘)became increasingly prominent,while others like Tajin(沓津)began to take shape.Besides,the sea routes around Bohai were developed and gradually matured.The loci where shell tombs were discovered in high concentration coincide with the above-mentioned ancient ports,serving as the archeological evidence of the development of maritime traffic around the Bohai Sea in the ancient times.The evolution and disappearance of shell tombs might be a reflection of local maritime civilization being displaced by agricultural civilization from the Central Plains,whereby the latter spread and rooted in the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea.