耐盐胁迫相关离子转运蛋白与作物耐盐育种研究的进展

Advances in studies on ion transporters involved in salt tolerance and breeding crop cultivars with high salt tolerance

植物组织特别是地上部钠离子的积累是影响耐盐性的关键因素,这一过程涉及到一些离子转运蛋白,如SOS1、HKT和NHX等。不同植物种和同一物种不同品种之间的耐盐性差异很大,这种差异与耐盐胁迫相关离子转运蛋白基因表达有关。分子标记辅助育种、诱变技术、遗传转化和基因编辑技术为耐盐作物育种提供了高效有力的技术支撑,特别是迅速发展的基因编辑技术,将从非转基因的技术手段有效地改良作物的耐盐性。

Soil salinity is a global major abiotic stress threatening crop productivity. In salty conditions, plants may suffer from osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresses, resulting in inhibition of growth and development. To deal with these stresses, plants have developed a series of tolerance mechanisms, including osmotic adjustment through accumulating compatible solutes in the cytoplasm, reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging through enhancing the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes, and Na^+/K^+ homeostasis regulation through controlling Na^+ uptake and transportation. In this review, recent advances in studies of the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants are described in relation to the ionome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, and the main factor accounting for differences in salt tolerance among plant species or genotypes within a species is presented. We also discuss the application and roles of different breeding methodologies in developing salt-tolerant crop cultivars. In particular, we describe the advantages and perspectives of genome or gene editing in improving the salt tolerance of crops.