《梅品》“花宜称”中的梅花香境营造

On Creation of Plum Blossom Aroma Realm in“Flower Preferences”of On Plum Blossom

在传统园林植物景观营造中,花木香气作为虚景,可填补客观物质空间中的结构性空白,并且对于空间塑造和促进空间感知具有重要作用。梅花作为中国传统名花之一,其香清冷、雅逸、幽微,在园林中应用广泛,构景形式多样,为园林景境构成的重要组成部分;基于宋代的理学思想和对隐逸文化的推崇,对于梅花的审美意趣也突破了浅层次的花容欣赏,而上升到比德的层面,文人雅士借梅花以抒情言志,并以梅景点缀日常生活,使其香景更具有精神和文化层面的审美意义。以张镃所撰《梅品》中"花宜称"所列的二十六条审美标准为出发点,通过梳理古代相关园记和记载赏梅花事的文人诗词、小品、散文等,从物象层面分析不同园林要素与梅花的相互映衬关系,以丰富梅花构景的层次与文化深度;从天象层面阐述不同环境下梅景的视觉状态和其香景的氛围特征,丰富品梅的感官体验层次;从物我交融的层面总结文人生活与梅花相关的雅事,以此探析主体文化意识融入营造的"有我之境"。本文由景至境,层层推进,意在丰富和传承梅花文化,完善中国古典园林植物香景营造理论,增加传统植物构景的人文内涵。

In the traditional gardening with plants,the aroma of flowers and trees serves as insubstantial scene filling the structural gaps in the objective material space to shape space and promote space perception.As one of the most beloved flowers in China,plum blossom has been widely employed in landscape design for its light,pleasant and subtle fragrance with various formations of scenery.Based on the neo⁃Confucianism of Song Dynasty and the respect for hermit culture,the aesthetic interest in plum blossoms has gone beyond the superficial appreciation of flowers and has been viewed as a metaphor to symbolize some values of virtue.The literati used plum blossoms in feeling expression and daily life decorations,which gave rise to the aesthetic significance at the cultural level.With the twenty⁃six aesthetic standards listed in“Flower Preferences”in On Plum Blossom written by Zhang Zi as a starting point,through combing ancient gardening records,poems,sketches,proses,etc.,which recorded plum blossom appreciation,the paper analyzes the relationship between gardening elements and plum blossoms from the image level to enrich the formation and cultural depth of plum blossom scenery.It elaborates on the visual state of plum blossom scenery under different environments and the characteristics of the fragrance landscape from the meteorological level to enrich the sensory experience of plum blossom appreciation.From the perspective of the integration of spirit and object,it summarizes those aspects in the life of the literati that are concerned with plum blossoms to probe into the subjective cultural consciousness in the“scene with me in”.With the intention of enriching and inheriting the traditional plum blossom culture,this paper makes a study from scenery to realm to improve the theory of plant aroma scenery creation in Chinese classical gardens and enhance the humanistic connotation of traditional planting landscapes.