传统士人心态对中国古典园林的影响

On Influence of Traditional Literati's Mentality on Chinese Classical Gardening

魏晋六朝士人在个体意识的觉醒和自然美的发现的基础上,将内在情感投入到外在自然之中,除了在诗词中吟咏自然和在绘画中描绘自然外,还在居住场所里模拟自然,于是促使了山水园林的出现,这也在根本上改变了中国古典园林的精神特质。中唐两宋士人在"中隐"思想的推动下,折中于"小隐"之山林和"大隐"之朝堂的园林,遂成为安顿士人心灵的主要场所。园林也在中唐两宋士人心态"内敛化"和"精致化"的影响下,空间越来越小,诗意越来越浓,于是对于士人来讲,无论是现实还是内心,园林都成为一个闲适自足、精美雅致的"壶中天地"。晚明士人生存的困局,迫使他们走向一条世俗、物欲和心灵超越的道路,承担他们理想与情感的园林也因之变得"物化"和"雅化":"物化"体现于园人的分离,离开了人的园林仍能表达其意境和内涵;"雅化"则要求摒弃俗气,是园林中既要物质又要精神、既要超越又要享乐的士人对生活审美的必然选择。同时,生活于社会中下层的晚明士人,也有兴趣将眼光投向了园林技艺,其亦有能力总结园林理论,《园冶》《长物志》作品方能应运而生。

Literati in Wei⁃Jin period and in Six Dynasties began to have awakening of individual consciousness and discovery of natural beauty.They put their inner feelings into the appreciation of the nature.In addition to chanting and describing the nature in poems and paintings,they also imitated the nature in their dwellings,which promoted the emergence of landscape gardens and changed the spiritual distinctions of Chinese Classical Gardening.In the mid⁃Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty,with the promotion of the idea about“hermit”,gardens became the main place to settle the minds of literati.Under the influence of“introverted”and“refined”mentality of literati in the mid⁃Tang and Song Dynasties,gardens have became smaller in size in pursuit of poetic flavor.For literati,whether in reality or in heart,gardens have become a leisurely,self⁃sufficient,exquisite and elegant“world in pot”.In the late Ming Dynasty,literati had to take a secular,material and spiritual transcendence path as a result of difficult situation.The gardens bearing their ideals and emotions became“materialized”and“elegant”.“Materialization”was reflected in the separation of garden and people,and gardens could still express artistic conceptions and connotations without people.“Being elegant”required that everything should be away from being vulgar,which was the inevitable choice for the literati in pursuit of both material and spirit.They wanted to surpass and enjoy life.In this way,literati living at the middle and lower levels of the society were able to focus their attention on garden designing and gardening theory,so that Art of Gardening Building and Treatise on Superfluous Things could come out.