我国监护制度的发展、问题与完善建议——兼评《民法典(草案)》总则中的相关规定

Development,problems and improvement suggestions of China's guardianship systems:Comment on the guardianship rules in General Principles of Civil Code of the PRC(Draft)

《民法典(草案)》总则明确规定了监护制度的基本框架和内容,更新了监护立法理念,新增了遗嘱指定监护、临时监护、意定监护等类型,增补了监护人的职责和监护变动等内容,完善了我国监护法律制度,体现了现代监护立法的新趋势。虽然我国监护制度新增了一些内容,但仍存在“有利于被监护人”标准不明确、未规定监护职责、未区分与其他相似制度的关系、对特定情形下的监护关注不够、监护人资格的规定有待商榷、监护监督制度未设立等问题。监护制度的完善需要明确我国监护制度的立法体例,细化有利于被监护人原则的考量因素、明确人身监护和财产监护的具体内容、明确监护与抚养的关系、补充区分监护与赡养、增补父母离婚后子女监护和老年人监护、增设监护监督制度等规定。

The General Principles of Civil Code of the PRC(Draft)stipulates the basic framework and content of guardianship system,updates the idea of guardianship legislation,adds the types of appointed guardianship by testament,temporary guardianship and intended guardianship,supplements the content of guardian's duties and guardianship change,improves China's legal system of guardianship and reflects a new trend of modern guardianship legislation.Although some contents are added in the existing guardianship system,there are still some problems as below:the standards of"favoring the person under guardianship"are not specific;guardianship duties are not stipulated;the relation with other similar systems is not distinguished;there is lack of attention to the guardianship under specific situations;the rules on the qualification of guardian remain to be discussed;the system of guardianship supervision is not set.Thus,it is necessary to clarify the legislative style of guardianship system in China,detail consideration factors of the principle of favoring the person under guardianship,specify the specific content of personal guardianship and property guardianship,defining the relation between guardianship and custody,supplement the regulations on guardianship and support distinguishing,child guardianship after the divorce of parents and guardianship for the old,and add the system of guardianship supervision by compiling Civil Code on Marriage and Family.