文学与政治的耦合:方纪小说的“他者”书写

The Coupling between the Other Writing of Fang Ji’s Novels and Literature and Politics

一般而言,现代性文化突出表现为从传统强耦合的政教文合一方式向现代弱耦合的分离方式的转换,但当这种分离化走向极端,解耦化趋势就会为再耦化趋势取代。从一般文明体的内在持存的发展需要来看,文学与政治的关系既有矛盾冲突一面,也有互补共存一面。方纪小说的探索性主要表现为对政治、道德上的他者、异端的书写,他不满于独白式的单一话语,力求让被物化的他者复活、让社会中的边缘人、沉默者甚至反面角色开口说话、自辩,由此获得一种双重乃至多重话语并立的对话性效果,这也是其小说审美效应得以产生的关键。这种探索性从深层而言与巴赫金的外位性视角、复调理论等是相通的,也就是说其认为每个主体的存在都是唯一而有盲点的,只有借助他人的视域,才可以看到完整的自我,"自我"的完成,必须有他人的参与。这种观念的产生代表了现代性由唯一性主体走向主体间性的趋势,表现于小说叙事上也就是由独白到兼听和对话的过程。这种文学理念是否能得到实现,与其时代文学与政治的关系是否处在一种解耦与再耦的合理尺度范围之内密切相关。

Generally speaking,the culture of modernity is manifested by the transformation from the traditional strong coupling mode of political,religious and cultural combination to the modern weak coupling mode of separation.But when the separation goes to the extreme,the decoupling trend will be replaced by the decoupling trend.In the long run,the relationship between the two is interactive and complementary.The exploration of Fang Ji’s novels finds expression in political and moral other and heretical writing.Dissatisfied with his monologue-like discourse,he tries to make his materialized other resurrect,and make the marginalized and silent speak and defend for themselves,thus achieving the double-discourse and even multiple-discourse effect,which is also the aesthetic effect his novels are expected to generate.In a deep sense,this exploration is in line with Bakhtin’s outsideness perspective and polyphonic theory.In other words,Bakhtin believes that the existence of every subject is unique and has blind spots.Only through others’vision can one see the complete self.The completion of“self”requires the participation of others.The emergence of this concept represents the process of modernity shifting from the only subject to the intersubjectivity,which is reflected in the process from monologue turning to listening and dialogue in the narrative of novels.Whether this literary idea can be realized or not is closely related to the coupling state of literature and politics in the era.