现代犬儒主义与斯德哥尔摩综合征群像:清代禁戏动机新探--以余治和丁日昌的禁戏活动考察为中心

Group Portrait of Modern Cynicism and Stockholm Syndrome:New Exploration on the Motive to Forbid Chinese Dramas in Qing Dynasty--Centered around the Examination on YuZhi and Ding Richang's Chinese Drama Forbidding Activities

作为中国历史上最后一个封建王朝,清代在文化专制上表现出复杂而微妙的特点。官方禁戏的活动不遗余力地进行,然而执行力度却不断下降,到晚清时业已日暮途穷,但这期间非官方的力量却呈现出激烈增长的态势,甚至一度成为主导力量,官方意志也反受其影响。余治和丁日昌是清代禁戏活动中的重要人物,也是在官方意志与民间生态夹缝中纠葛的知识分子代表。这些打失理想和集体失语的清代知识分子是典型的现代犬儒主义者;清代社会还处在一种末世文化的侵袭下,个人奴性的"集体无意识"在群体中表现为一种体制化的"斯德哥尔摩综合征",是社会状态的一种病态特征。人们在彷徨和苦闷的夹缝中挣扎,思想的无力禁锢和娱乐的本能需求成为那个时代戏曲环境复杂性的主要特征。

Qing dynasty,as the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history,shows complicated and delicate characteristics in its culture autocracy. Although the Chinese drama forbidding activities were carried out with all the efforts from the officials,the enforcement of these activities kept on decreasing,and almost went to its end in the late Qing dynasty. At the same time,the strength from ordinary people increased dramatically,and almost dominated the sphere,even influencing the official willingness. Yu Zhi and Ding Richang were two important figures in the Chinese drama forbidding activities in Qing dynasty,and they also represented the intellectuals who were entangled between the official willingness and the folk ecology. These intellectuals in Qing dynasty,who had lost their ideals and also their ability to express themselves,were typical modern cynicism. The society in Qing dynasty was under the last-days culture,and the personal servility was represented in "collective unconsciousness" of the group as the institutionalized "Stockholm syndrome",which was the morbid characteristic of the society. People were struggling in depression and hesitation,their minds were imprisoned and impotent while the instinct of entertainment was still demanded and this became the main character of the complexity of Chinese drama environment in that era.