国家使命与美国联邦政府大学科研政策演变

National Mission and the Evolution of American Federal Government’s Policies for University Scientific Research

得益于在战争中的突出贡献,第二次世界大战后,美国研究型大学走向社会中心,并始终与国家使命紧密相连。美国先后面临军事威胁、健康危机、国际经济竞争等挑战,即所谓的"枪支""药丸""黄油"等任务,因此,联邦政府加紧了对研究型大学科研的资助力度。政府、学术及行业间有效衔接是美国发展的秘诀所在,随着国家使命的更替,美国联邦政府大学科研政策做出相应调整,发展了研究型大学科研竞争力,有效达成了国家使命。

As it made great contributions to the war victory,American research universities became the center of society and have been always closely connected with the national mission since the World War II.After War,the United States was confronted with military threats,health crises and international economic competition,namely the assignment of“Guns”,“Pills”and“Butter”.Therefore,the federal government increased funding for research universities.The effective connection between government,academia and industry is the secret of the American success.With the change of the national mission,the research policies of the federal government has made corresponding adjustments,which has promoted the research competitiveness of research-based universities and effectively achieved the national mission.