柏拉图《法义》论立法者的德性教育

On the Moral Education of Legislators in Plato's Laws

在古希腊城邦中,教育是城邦的头等大事,传统的公民教育指的是个体精神从幼稚走向成熟,“德性”“律法”“教育”三者密不可分。在民主城邦中,立法者的德性教育造就了城邦共同体成员的政治品格,决定了城邦政体的优劣。立法者要订立城邦大法,一方面要接受整全的德性教育,另一方面要在政治教育中培养政治德性。此外还要与诗人、自然哲人等争夺城邦话语权,从而对城邦公民进行成文法和未成文法双重教化,通过立法重塑城邦礼法秩序。

In the ancient Greek city-state,education is the top priority.Traditional civic education refers to the development of the individual spirit from immaturity to maturity,and“virtue”,“law”and“education”are inseparable.In the democratic city-state,the legitimacy of the legislators creates the political character of the members of the city-state community and determines the strengths and weaknesses of the city-state polity.Legislators must formulate the city-state law.On the one hand,they must accept a comprehensive moral education;on the other hand,they must cultivate political virtues in political education.In addition,it is necessary to compete with the poets and natural philosophers for the right to speak in the city state so as to double-educate the citizens of the city state in the aspects of the statute law and the unwritten law,and reconstruct the order of the city-state ritual law through legislation.