研究生课程设置的后现代转向

Postmodern Trend of Postgraduate Curriculum Design

近年来,研究生培养的质量问题日益凸显出来,并引发了广泛的社会关注。作为研究生教育的基础性环节,课程设置的合理与否直接决定着研究生教育培养目标能否实现。以泰勒原理为典型代表的现代课程理论倡导知识本位的课程目标、学科中心的课程结构、忠实取向的课程实施、封闭倾向的课程评价,这与当今研究生教育的要求以及培养创新性的应用型人才的目标日渐背离,致使研究生课程设置陷入到重重困境之中。以多尔为代表的后现代课程理论强调"生活人"的课程目标、关注"网状化"的课程结构、重视"创生式"的课程实施、着眼于"调和性"的课程评价。这种理论迎合了当前时代发展的需求,顺应了目前世界教育改革的潮流,可以作为引领人们探寻全新的研究生课程设置的价值航标和实践指南。为了培养出创新型、应用型、复合型、主动发展型的研究性人才,应该增大选修课程的比例,形成研究生科学合理的知识结构;加强整合课程的设置,激活在分科课程中沉睡已久的知识;预留出足够的课程创生空间,将教学的重心从"教"转变到"学"上;拓宽研究生教育的评价标准,确立"教、学、评"三位一体的多元化评价观。

Modern curriculum theory,typically represented by Taylor's Principle,advocates knowledge-based curriculum objectives,subject-centered curriculum structure,faithful-oriented curriculum implementation and closed tendency course evaluation,which deviates from the requirements of today's postgraduate education and the goal of cultivating innovative and applied talents,thus causing postgraduate curriculum settings to fall into a dilemma.The post-modern curriculum theory represented by Dole emphasizes the curriculum objectives of"living people",focusing on the"reticulated"curriculum structure,"productive"curriculum implementation and"coordinated"course evaluation.This theory caters to the needs of the development of the current era,conforms to the current trend of world education reform,and can be used as a value beacon and practical guide to lead people to explore new graduate courses.In order to cultivate innovative and applied research talents,the proportion of elective courses should be increased to form a scientific and reasonable knowledge structure for graduate students and at the same time,to strengthen the integration of curriculum settings from"teaching"to"learning",and establish a diversified evaluation standards of"teaching,learning,and evaluating".