全球价值链视角下中国出口功能专业化的动态变迁及国际比较

Dynamic Changes of Functional Specialization in China’s Export and International Comparison under Global Value Chains

一国(产业)嵌入全球生产网络所从事制造、研发、管理和市场等不同活动的出口功能专业化水平,关乎其对价值链的影响和控制力,这便凸显既有基于总增加值贸易核算对全球价值链研究的不足。本文在全球价值链空间分工基础上考虑功能分工,以产业要素收益为依据,采用贸易增加值前向分解法修正了功能专业化测度方法,据此构建国家和行业层面修正的功能专业化指标,并利用WIOD提供的世界投入产出表序列和最新编制开发的劳动力职业数据,测算并比较分析了中国与世界主要发达经济体的出口功能专业化水平及其最新动态演变。研究结果显示:中国出口呈现出较高的制造专业化水平,且处于世界领先水平,但总部经济活动(如市场、研发和管理)的功能专业化水平偏低,几乎被锁定在世界最低端层次,无法对欧美发达经济体构成出口威胁。中国制造业基本遵循着"依托制造—挺进市场—遥望管理和研发"的功能发展路径,"强"制造与"弱"管理和研发并存,典型加工贸易部门的"电气光学设备"的制造专业化水平更是达到国际领先。中国服务业的功能专业化水平总体上弱于制造业,且处于全球落后位置,与服务贸易强国之间仍有较大差距。

The functional specialization in export of a country(and its sector)in different activities,such as fabrication,R&D,management,and marketing,is crucial to its governance and control on the value chains,which magnifies the shortage of the existing aggregate value added studies on our understanding of global value chains(GVCs).Considering production fragmentation at the both spatial and functional levels,this paper defines the modified functional specialization indicators at the national and sectoral levels from the forward linkage(rather than backward linkage).Based on the World Input-Output Database together with the newly compiled Labor Occupations Database,this paper re-estimates and analyzes the functional specialization and changes in China and major developed economies’exports.The results show that China’s export is mainly specialized in fabrication activity,which is among the world leading level;while it is weak in headquarter activities(especially R&D and management),which is almost locked at the lowest level in the world and could not pose an export threat to the developed economies.China’s manufacturing basically follows the functional development path of"relying on fabrication,entering market,targeting management and R&D",showing the coexistence of"strong"fabrication and"weak"management and R&D.The fabrication specialization of the typical processing sector"electronic and optical equipment"has reached the international leading level.The level of functional specialization of China’s service is generally weaker than that of manufacturing,and generally lies behind in the world,indicating that there is still a long way to achieve the goal of becoming a world powerful-nation of service.