仪式专家与传统的发明:云南省武定县龙潭村祭山神的个案研究

Ritual Specialist and the Invention of Tradition:A Case Study of the Ritual of Worshipping Mountain God in Longtan Village,Wuding County,Yunnan Province

传统在传承的过程中总是不断被发明、创新。在当下,政府意志和市场运作是保护、承袭民间传统文化的重要力量。云南省龙潭村的仪式专家张修良作为乡村社会权力结构中的一名边缘人士,在没有政府介入和商业实践的背景下,依托地方性知识和乡村社会的行事准则,发明、重构集体性祭山神祈雨的仪式传统。在没有外在驱动力的情况下,大部分传统文化的承载者并没有保护、继承传统文化的意识,这也是非物质文化遗产保护工作面临的一个难题。张修良发明仪式传统的实践虽存在时效性不足的问题,但对于平衡商业开发和文化保护的非物质文化遗产主流保护模式仍具有借鉴意义。

Tradition is invented and innovated in the process of inheritance.In contemporary society,governments wills and market operation are important forces in the protection and inheritance of traditional folk culture.Zhang Xiuliang is a ritual specialist living in Longtan Village,Yunnan Province,who is viewed as a marginal person in the power structure of rural society.He invented and reconstructed the ritual tradition of worshipping Mountain God in order to pray for rainfall based on local knowledge and the norms of rural society without government intervention and commercial practice.In the absence of external driving force,most villagers who understand traditional culture do not have the consciousness to protect and inherit traditional culture,which is also a difficult problem for the protection of intangible cultural heritage.Although the practice of inventing ritual tradition by Zhang Xiuliang has the problem of persistence,it still plays the reference roles under the mainstream protection mode of intangible cultural heritage which balances commercial development and cultural protection.