眼光向下的性别回应:中国现代早期民俗学研究中的歌谣与妇女

Gender Responses to the Movement of Looking Down to the Ordinary People:Women and Folksongs in Early Modern Chinese Folklore Studies

对妇女问题的关注是中国现代早期民俗学研究者的一种潜在共识,但直到今天,中国现代早期民俗学中的妇女问题研究仍没有被作为一个出发点进行探讨,妇女问题研究与中国现代早期民俗学研究的关系依旧晦暗不明。以歌谣与妇女研究为中心来分析中国现代早期民俗学妇女问题研究的整体取向及其与中国现代早期民俗学研究的关系,会注意到在五四妇女解放运动思潮与民俗学眼光向下的革命中,中国现代早期民俗学者从歌谣中发现了乡村妇女。一方面,他们发现了妇女的文学,认为由于未受礼教的熏陶,乡村妇女的文学在形式上质朴自然,不受咬文嚼字之累,在内容上更敢于表达感情;另一方面,他们发现了妇女的问题,认为乡村妇女歌谣中所吟唱的是受传统家族制度压迫的悲惨生活,歌谣是妇女的"家庭鸣冤录""茹痛记"。无论是对妇女文学的赞颂还是对妇女问题的揭露与批判,研究者都将矛头指向了儒家文化所建立的一套礼教制度,妇女问题成为其批判儒家伦理纲常、参与社会改造的浪漫主义路径。

It is a potential consensus for scholars of early modern Chinese folklore studies to concern women's issues.However,until today,studies on women's issues in early modern Chinese folklore studies have not yet been systematically summarized from the perspective of women's folklore studies,and the relationship between studies on women's issues and early modern Chinese folklore studies is still obscure.By analyzing the holistic approaches of studies on women's issues in early modern Chinese folklore studies through women and folksongs as well as its relationship with early modern Chinese folklore studies,this article argues that folklorists of early modern Chinese folklore studies discovered rural women in folksongs in the May Fourth Women's Liberation Movement and the Revolution of Looking Down to the Ordinary People.They found rural women's literature and believed that their literature was simple and natural in form and had more courage to express their feelings,on the one hand.On the other hand,they found women's issues,and argued that what women sang was about their miserable lives oppressed by traditional patriarchy system,so folksongs were women's“family complaints”and“records of sufferings”.Whether it is praise for women's literature or exposure and criticism of women's issues,researchers took women's issues as their romantic approach to criticize Confucian moral orders and engaged in social transformation.