基于多组学解析作物杂种优势机制及其利用展望

Recent research progress on the crop heterosis mechanism based on mutil-omics and prospects of heter⁃otic utilization

近年来,多种粮食和蔬菜作物的杂种优势利用,培育和改良了大量的高产、优质的品种,但杂种优势的遗传机制研究一直是育种家研究的重点、难点问题。本文综述了基于多组学技术解析作物杂种优势机制研究的最新动态,结果表明不同遗传背景材料和不同性状的杂种优势遗传基础解释并不相同,单一的模式并不能够完全解释其遗传机制。前期多组学分析解析表明,杂种优势分子机制主要与植物生长和发育相关通路上的特定基因表达有关,促使其他基因发挥最大遗传贡献,提高杂种植物对环境的耐受性。本文还总结了预测农作物产量等相关性状杂种优势育种值的方法,以期为解析作物杂种优势机制及杂交种选育提供参考。最后,文章展望了作物杂种优势利用面临的新机遇,基于新型基因组技术构建控制杂种优势的等位基因数据库,创制符合育种目标新种质,推动我国作物工程化育种进程。

In recent years,a large number of high-yield and high-quality varieties have been cultivated and improved using heterosis of various food and vegetable crops.However,the genetic mechanism of heterosis has always been the important and difficulties in research for breeding scientists.This paper reviewed the latest developments in the analysis of crop heterosis mechanism based on multi-omics technology.Results indicated that the different genetic basis of heterosis was involved for genetic background materials and different traits.A single model cannot fully explain the genetic mechanism.The previous multiomics analysis showed that the molecular mechanism of heterosis was mainly related to the expression of specific genes on plant growth and development pathways,promoting other genes to exert the maximum genetic contribution,and improving the tolerance of hybrid plants to the environment.The methods of predicting the hybrid vigor or breeding value for crop yield and other related traits were summarized in order to provide the references for the analysis of crop heterosis mechanisms and hybrid breeding.Finally,the new opportunities for crop heterosis utilization are prospected.The process of engineering breeding would be promoted by the application of new genomic technology to construct an allele databases for controlling crop heterosis and new germplasms that meet breeding goals in China.