内耗与纷争:《红史》至大二年圣旨所见元朝政治博弈

Internal Frictions and Confl icts:Political Games of the Yuan Dynasty from the Imperi al Edict of the Second Year in Zhida Era in the Red Annals

成书于14世纪中叶的藏文史籍《红史》,收录了一道起初被认为是元成宗颁赐给藏族僧众的“优礼僧人诏书”,后经德国学者傅海波研究,认为颁布时间应在元武宗至大二年,其说信实可从。他的这一结论为我们认识该文献的史料价值提供了全新视角。通过复原与考析,可以确定这是目前所知唯一一道元朝皇帝遍谕各地且全文完整的护持类圣旨;将其与传世文献对勘,足以梳理出该圣旨从制定出台到旋被废止的整个过程,亦体现了维护僧人特权集团利益的宣政院与以中书省为代表的三大传统中央机构之间的结构性矛盾。

Red Annals,a Tibetan historical work written in the middle of the 14th century,contains“an imperial edict guaranteeing Buddhist Monks special treatment”,which was originally believed to be written by Emperor Chengzong.However,through his studies,German sinologist Herbert Franke verified that the edict was actually conferred in the second year of the Zhida Era during Emperor Wuzong’s reign.His argument provides a brand-new perspective for us to understand this document’s historical value.After a restoration and a detailed analysis of this document,we can be certain that it is the only existing intact imperial edict that protected all monks’privileges throughout the whole country granted by a Yuan emperor across every administration of the Empire.Through comparison with related historical documents,it is possible to divine the entire process—from drafting to abolishment–and reveal structural contradictions between the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs that secured monks’privileges and three traditional central administrations represented by the Grand Secretariat.