从岸本能武太到章太炎:自由与秩序之思的跨洋交流

From Nobuta Kishimoto to Zhang Taiyan:The Freedom and Order of Cross-national Communication

19世纪下半叶,自由放任资本主义引发的社会问题,令偏向个人主义的斯宾塞社会学说遭到质疑,并引发关于个人自由与社会秩序关系的深入思考。在西学东渐大潮推动下,欧美学界的思考以学术译介的方式传入日本和中国,并因文化传统、话语体系、时政背景以及学者个人因素的差异而发生流变。岸本能武太《社会学》在斯宾塞社会有机体说基础上,以“非社会性”对译人类反抗社会秩序的“反社会性”特征,在缓解斯宾塞个人自由观念给日本社会带来紧张感的同时,借此对抗日本日益膨胀的国家主义思潮。章太炎通过翻译岸本《社会学》,将个人自由思想与中国传统思想中的“逃群”、“隐”、“废”等理念勾连,以“出世”方式抵抗清末新政,为革命提供思想和理论支持。

In the second half of the 19th century,social problems resulting from laissez-faire capitalism led to questioning of Spencer’s pro-individualism social theory and deep reflections on the relationship between individual freedom and social order.Promoted by a great Eastward movement of Western learning,the ideas from European and American academia were transmitted to Japan and China through translation.However,different countries formed different schools of thought according to differences in cultural traditions,systems of discourse,political backgrounds,and scholars’personal preferences.Building on Spencer’s social organism,Nobuta Kishimoto’s Sociology used“unsocial”to describe“anti-social”,meaning mankind’s resistance to social order.He eased tensions in Japanese society brought by Spencer’s individual freedom—but at the same time,suppressed an ever-growing Japanese nationalism.Zhang Taiyan,in his translation of Nobuta Kishimoto’s Sociology,connected individual freedom with some traditional Chinese thoughts like“taoqun”(escape from crowd),“yin”(seclusion)and“fei”(abandon),demonstrating resistance to the New Administration of the late Qing Dynasty and providing theoretical and philosophical support for the revolution.