嘉峪关变迁与明代交通地理之关系——基于史源学的研究

The Relation Between the Change of Jiayuguan Pass(嘉峪关)and the Traffic Geography during the Ming Dynasty——Based on the Study of Historical Sources

明代嘉峪关是东西方陆上交通线的枢纽。但嘉峪关创建于洪武五年(1372)的说法于史无征,从史源学的角度看,实际出自明末的错误认识。冯胜西征结束后的20年中,明朝以军事胜利为前导,继之以军卫建设,终于在洪武二十三年(1390)以后完成了对河西全境的军事控制,嘉峪关创建的时间不可能早于此时。永乐朝东西方陆路交通全面展开,使团往返不绝于路,延续至明末。其间,中国的官私史料,域外人盖耶速丁、赖麦锡、白斯拜克、鄂本笃等人都有涉及嘉峪关内外交通状况的记录。结合东西方对陆路交通的记载,加以比较分析,既可以相互印证,又能够发现一些史料缺载之处,明代嘉峪关交通地理的变迁得以明晰展现出来。嘉峪关自身的变化反映了受畿服观念制约的明朝边疆控制模式的复杂性。明朝政治军事影响力是否溢出嘉峪关外在很大程度上决定了东西方陆路交通的便捷、效率与繁荣。

In the Ming dynasty,Jiayuguan was a key position in land traffic between the east and the west.But there is no historical evidence for the claim that Jiayuguan was founded in the fifth year of Hongwu(1372).Under the perspective of historical Source,this view actually comes from the wrong understanding in the late Ming dynasty.In the 20 years after Fengsheng s western expedition,the Ming dynasty established the garrison systems after its military victory,and finally achieved full military control of the Hexi corridor after the 23rd year of Hongwu(1390).Jiayuguan could not have been built before this time.Starting in the Yongle period,the land traffic between the east and the west opened completely,with missions going back and forth continuously.This situation continued until the end of the Ming dynasty.During the period,in addition to the Chinese official and private historical materials,there were also records of the traffic conditions while passing Jiayuguan by Ghiyathal-Din Naqqāsh,Giambattista Ramusio,Auger Gislen De Busbeck,Bento de Goes and others.By analyzing and comparing the land traffic records of the east and the west,not only they can verify each other,but also the lack of historical materials can be found.On this basis,the change of traffic geography of Jiayuguan in the Ming dynasty can be finally made clear.The change of Jiayuguan itself reflects the complexity of the frontier control mode of the Ming dynasty,which was restricted by the concept of Jifu(畿服).Whether the political and military influence of the Ming dynasty crossed the beyond Jiayuguan largely determined the convenience,efficiency and prosperity of land traffic between the east and the west.