清末民初广西的弹压委员与改土归流

Tanya Commissioner(弹压委员)and the Bureaucratization of Chieftain Areasduring the Late Qing and Early Republic of China in Guangxi

光绪中期至民国十八年(1929)是广西土司地区改土归流的关键时期,在此期间土司地区的行政长官经历了土官—弹压委员—县知事(县长)的转变历程。弹压委员的设置,是这一变革期的关键。弹压委员设立以后,当地在行政区划地理单位上仍以旧有的土司地方相称,但却为之后改设为正式政区奠定了行政与地理上的基础。弹压委员地位不高,又受到已废土官势力及承审州、厅、县的内外制约,加之清末民初的时局,其在土司地方施政艰难,但在一定程度上促进了当地的发展及与外界的交流。在废土设县之时,弹压委员又成为积极推动者,使得土司地区最后可以正式设置、合并为县,完成近代广西政治地理上的大变革,巩固了西南边疆。

It is the crucial period for the bureaucratization of chieftain areas in Guangxi from the middle of Guangxu years to 1929.During that period,there went through an administrative change in chieftain areas,from chieftain to Tanya commissioner,and finally to county magistrate,and the establishment of Tanya commissioner was the key for the change.After the establishment of Tanya commissioner,the district names of old chieftain system were continually to be used,while it laid a administrative and geographical foundation for the reformation to the formal administrative units.Tanya It was hard for the Commissioners to govern the chieftain districts because there were great restraint,like from the power of abolished local chiefs and the external judiciary power of other counties and prefectures,the low status of commissioners themselves,the social situation of times,but they still promoted local development and communication with the outside.In the time that the formal counties to be set up,the commissioners also became the active propellents,leading the chieftain areas to formally become county districts or merge into the counties.So the the big change of political geography in Guangxi was accomplished and the southwestern borderland was consolidated.