《文史通义》中的“家学”问题与章学诚“三书”说新探

New Explorations of the Issue of“Jiaxue”in General Meanings of Literature and History and Zhang Xuecheng s“Three-Pronged Local Records”Theory

章学诚标榜为“家学”的史学理论,是以目录学为根基的历史编纂学;以目录学之法治方志,是章学诚方志理论的学术本色。章学诚的“方志立三书”说中,“方志”指方志学而言;“三书”是章学诚以目录学之法治方志这一学术视野下的三个学科门目。志是章氏心目中上古《尚书》《春秋》之学的再现,本于刘向、班固的目录校雠之学,即章学诚推崇的撰著之书;掌故是章氏心目中上古《周官》《仪礼》之学的再现;文征是章氏心目中上古十五《国风》之学的再现。这两者辅志而行,是纂辑之作。“三书”说阐述的是两种不同的治学途径。

Zhang Xuecheng s historical theory of“jiaxue”(family teachings)is actually bibliology-based historiography.The nature of his theory about local records is studying local records with bibliological methods.Zhang s idea of“three-pronged local records”indicated a discipline of local records studies,under which were three subjects he envisioned using bibliological methods.Among the three subjects,“zhi”(records)refers to compiled works which Zhang held in high esteem.He envisaged“zhi”as representing the ancient tradition of Book of Documents and Spring and Autumn Annals,and derived from Liu Xiang and Ban Gu s bibliology.Similarly,he viewed“zhanggu”(past events and anecdotes)as representing the ancient tradition of composing Rites of Zhou and Book of Ceremonial Etiquette,and“wenzheng”(collections of political documents and literary works)as representing the ancient tradition of collecting folk ballads of fifteen states in Western Zhou Dynasty.“Zhanggu”and“wenzheng”were actually auxiliary compiling efforts to“zhi”,and Zhang s“three-pronged local records”theory practically expounded two approaches to historical studies.