双渠道多级分销网络的预防性库存分拨机制与方法研究

A Research on Preventive Inventory Allocation Mechanism and Method of Dual-Channel Multi-Echelon Distribution Network

企业通过增加库存量来应对不可延期交货带来的缺货损失的传统运作方式在电子商务催生了线上线下双渠道分销模式后变得捉襟见肘。在双渠道多级分销模式下,传统囤货式的运作模式因多层级、多渠道而产生高额库存成本,这恰恰削弱了双渠道销售的高利润优势。因此,拥有双渠道多级分销网络的企业如何平衡库存成本与缺货损失就成为了本文的研究重点。本文考虑了拥有线上线下双渠道销售的一个由中心仓、区域仓和门店节点构成的三级供应链库存系统,借鉴库存共享思想提出了“预防性库存分拨机制”,即节点内线上线下库存、同层级一对多双向预防性调拨、上下级间一对一单向预防性补货的运作机制,并利用目标级联法(analysis target cascading,ATC)依据预测时间窗内的需求预测结果构建预防性分拨模型。最后以国内某大型进口红酒贸易企业为基础对模型进行仿真和分析,结果表明所提出的预防性库存分拨机制能够有效降低库存成本,为双渠道供应链系统低成本高效率的运作提供了实现的手段。

The traditional operation of enterprises to increase the inventory to respond to the stock-out caused by nondeferred delivery has become stretched after E-commerce has spawned the online and offline dual-channel distribution modes.In the dual-channel multi-echelon distribution mode,the traditional stock-based operation mode generates high inventory costs due to multi-echelon and multi-channel,which just weakens the high-profit advantage of dual-channel sales.Therefore,how to balance the inventory cost and out-of-stock loss of enterprises with dual-channel multi-echelon distribution network has become a research focus.To solve this practical problem,a three-level supply chain inventory system consisting of central warehouses,regional warehouses and store nodes with online and offline dual-channel sales,is considered and a Preventive Inventory Allocation Mechanism is proposed based on the idea of inventory sharing,that is,online and offline inventory in the node,one-to-many and two-way preventive transfer at the same level,and one-to-one single-direction preventive replenishment between the upper and lower levels.The operation mechanism of one-way preventive replenishment is studied,and using the Target Cascading(ATC)a preventive allocation model based on the demand forecast results within the predicted time window is constructed.Finally,the model is simulated and analyzed based on a large imported wine trading company in China.The results show that the proposed preventive inventory allocation mechanism can effectively reduce the inventory operation cost.The low-cost and efficient operation of the dual-channel supply chain system provides a means of implementation.