范式突破:张载对理学的开创之功

Breaking the paradigm:discussion on ZHANG Zai's pioneering work on neo-Confucianism

经学和理学是儒学的两大基本学术形态,经学自是经学,理学自是理学。唐宋之际,在儒学复兴的旗帜下,儒学经历了从汉唐经学向宋明理学的范式革命。为研究张载对理学的开创之功,运用文献分析法进行研究。研究认为,在此变革中,张载不但较早讨论了太极、性与天道、义理、心、性、动、静、天理、人欲等理学重要概念,提出了一系列崭新而精辟的哲学命题,建立了包括知天之学、为圣之学、外王之学在内的完整理学体系,对理学方法论也作了全面的探索和阐述。研究表明,作为一位创新意识最强、用功最刻苦、源流最为纯正的宋明理学奠基人,张载在理学脱离经学而成为一种新儒学形态的学术变革过程中,起到了不可替代的重要作用,他所创立的话语系统和不同于经学的方法论对后世理学产生了深刻影响。

There are two fundamental academic forms in Confucianism:the study of Confucian classics and the neo-Confucianism,which are independent of each other.During the period of Tang and Song Dynasties,Confucianism experienced a paradigm revolution transforming from the study of Confucian classics in Han and Tang Dynasties to neo-Confucianismin Song and Ming Dynasties under the guidance of the revival of Confucianism.This paper studies the pioneering work that ZHANG Zai conducted in neo-Confucianism by way of literature analysis method.Research believes that in this revolution,ZHANG Zai not only discussed important concepts in neo-Confucianism quite early,such as Tai Chi,nature and heavenly laws,moral principles,mind,gender,motion,tranquility,natural justice and human desires,but also raised a series ofbrand new and insightful philosophical propositions.He established a complete system of neo-Confucianism including the knowledge of heavenly laws,the study of self-cultivation and the study of good country governance,and made a comprehensive exploration and elaboration of the methodology of neo-Confucianism.As a founder of neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties with the strongest sense of innovation,the most diligence and the purist origin,ZHANG Zai played an irreplaceable role in the process of academic transformation in which neo-Confucianism broke away from the study of Confucian classics and became a new form of Confucianism.The discourse system he created and the methodology different from the study of Confucian classics had a profound impact on neo-Confucianism in later generations.