从章太炎《齐物论释》看现代中国平等观念之转向

On the Change of the Concept of Equality in Modern China from Zhang Taiyan’sQi Wu Lun Shi

在现代中国思想谱系中,平等观念的嬗变表现出实践性和辩证性的统一。从康有为到刘师培,现代中国早期平等观念的基本规定是以无差别为中心的抽象同一观念。章太炎《齐物论释》是超越这一观念的重要尝试,即从价值平等转向事实平等,从主体差别转向本体差别,从抽象同一转向具体同一。章太炎之所以能够实现上述转变,首先是由于深深卷入革命党难以调和的内部矛盾,实践经验把价值理念转换为理论认识;其次是基于对唯识学的独特理解,得以在本体层面重构平等观念;最后是对清代古音学传统的继承为突破早期平等观念提供了重要的思想基础。章太炎《齐物论释》把差别提升到本体层面,形成了以差别为中心的新平等观,体现出平等观念发展的实践性和辩证性的统一。但他否定了平等观念的客观性和历史性,这也成为现代思想发展史上的一个深刻教训。

In the modern Chinese ideological pedigree,the evolution of the concept of equality shows the unity of practicality and dialectics.The basic stipulation of the concept of equality in early modern China is the abstract concept of the same centered on no difference.Zhang Taiyan transcended this concept,namely,from value equality to fact equality,from subject difference to noumenon difference,from abstract identity to concrete identity.Zhang Taiyan raised the difference to the noumenon level and formed the new equality concept centering on the difference,which embodies the unity of practice and dialectics in the development of equality concept.However,he denied the objectivity and historicity of the concept of equality,which has also become a profound lesson in the history of modern ideological development.