从奶妈、保姆到育婴师:私人托育的历史演进

From Wet Nurse,Nurse to Infant Nurse:the Historical Evolution of Private Foster Care

人类社会早期,婴幼儿托育主要是以家庭内部女性亲属之间的照顾责任转移为主,但随着社会变迁,家庭之外的私人托育服务因应而生。历史地看,私人托育经历了奶妈(保姆)出现所带来的职业化过程,从保姆到育婴师的专业化过程,以及国家介入私人托育的制度化过程等三个阶段。从奶妈、保姆到育婴师的历史演进,在本质上反映了家长对私人托育服务需求的变迁,以及私人托育行业社会形象和专业地位的转换。认识和审视从奶妈、保姆到育婴师的历史演进的真正意义,并非在于解决公共托育资源紧张的问题,而是要减少私人托育从业者的角色冲突和职业困惑。由此,在私人托育服务发展问题上,尤应更加关注的内容也许不是服务形式如何“升级”,即如何通过专业化或制度化手段以便使得私人托育“转换”到机构化的公共托育,而是应更加关心私人托育自身的健康发展。

Historically,private nursing has gone through three stages:wet nurse,nurse and infant nurse.This historical evolution essentially reflects the change of parents’demand for private care services,as well as the transformation of social image and professional status of private care industry.The real significance of understanding and examining this evolution is not to solve the problem of the shortage of public education resources,but to reduce the role conflict and professional confusion of private education practitioners.Therefore,in terms of the development of private care services,we should pay more attention to the healthy development of private care itself rather than the“upgrading”of service forms.