道德行为的两重形态

Two Forms of Moral Behavior

仁爱与克己,可以视为道德行为的两重形态。基于仁爱的道德行为主要以关怀、行善为取向,相对于此,克己首先表现为自我限定,在涉及重大或剧烈的利害冲突的背景下,它意味着舍己或自我牺牲。作为道德行为的两重形态,仁爱与克己分别体现了道德行为所具有的人道性与崇高性。从哲学史上看,德性伦理、关怀伦理、后果论以及道义论往往主要关注道德行为的某一形态,并突出或强调与之相关的道德规定。这种相异的视域,既体现了对道德行为的不同理解,又渗入了对情意、理性的不同看法。德性论和关怀伦理强调“恻隐之心”等情感,但常常忽视了以“是非之心”等形式表现出来的理性之知;后果论既试图融合理性思虑与情感体验,又以归本于情感为其特点;道义论则在对理性与意志作双重肯定的同时,又表现出将意志理性化的趋向。事实上,理性与情意在不同道德行为中的作用方式固然各异,但二者无法截然相分。就其现实形态而言,道德行为并非仅仅呈现勉力而为的形式,道德的取向和行为定势,往往内化为人的第二自然或第二天性,后者既可以取得道德习惯的形态,也可呈现为内在的道德直觉,二者以不同的方式制约着仁爱、克己等道德行为。

Benevolence and self-restraint can be regarded as two forms of moral behavior.Moral behavior based on benevolence mainly focuses on caring and doing good.Compared with this,behavior linked to self-restraint is firstly manifested as that of self-constraint,which includes the behavior of self-sacrifice in the context of conflicts of interest.As the two forms of moral behavior,benevolence and self-restraint respectively embody the humanity and sublimity of moral behavior.In the history of philosophy,theories of ethics often focus on a certain form of moral behavior,and highlight or emphasize the relevant moral aspect.It is true that the functions of reason and emotion in moral behaviors are different,but the two cannot be completely separated.In addition,the second nature of human beings,which is not only manifested as the form of moral habits but also appears as the inner moral intuition,affects moral behaviors as benevolence and self-restraint in different ways.