我国刑事证据能力要件体系重构研究

On the Reconstruction of Criminal Evidence Competence Condition System in China

随着2017年最高人民法院"三项规程"的出台,我国以往借鉴德国理论引进的证据能力要件体系面临解释力不足的问题。在我国现行法体系下,"经过法庭调查程序"不应成为刑事证据的证据能力要件。法庭调查程序的真正作用是为法官评价证据的证明力,形成认定事实的心证基础提供程序性保障。此外,如果将关联性作为证据能力要件,既不符合我国《刑事诉讼法》规定,也容易混淆事实考量和规范评价之间的关系。我国刑事证据能力要件只应包括如下内容:未因取证主体不合法而无证据能力,未因取证手段不合法而无证据能力,未因取证程序违法而无证据能力,未因证据的表现形式不合法而无证据能力,未因取证对象不合法而无证据能力。

With the promulgation of the"Three Regulations"of the Supreme People’s Court in 2017,China is faced with the problem of insufficient explanatory power in the evidence competence condition system introduced by the German theory for reference in the past. Under the current law system of our country,"through the court investigation procedure"should not become a condition of criminal evidence competence. The real function of the court investigation procedure is to provide procedural guarantee for judges to evaluate the proof power of evidence and to form the inner basis for ascertaining facts. In addition,if relevance is taken as a condition of evidence competence,it is not in line with the provisions of China’s Criminal Procedure Law,and it is easy to confuse the relationship between factual consideration and normative evaluation. China ’s criminal evidence competence condition should only include the following: illegal subject of evidence collection without competence,illegal means of evidence collection without competence,illegal procedure of evidence collection without competence,illegal expression form of evidence without competence,illegal object of evidence collection without competence.