国家话语与生活品味:中美第一代女性室内装饰师的比较研究

National Discourse and Life Taste:A Comparative Study of First Generation Chinese and American interior Designers in the Early Stage of Interior Design Development of China and America

女性室内装饰师在中美室内设计发展的早期阶段发挥了重要作用。在比较的视野中对中美第一代女性室内装饰师进行分析有利于建构两国关于室内设计历史的深层理解。文章从以下三个维度进行二者的比较:成长历程;作品类型、规模与服务对象;作品风格及创作手法。通过比较发现以下异同:第一,中美第一代女性室内装饰师都成长于相对优越的家庭环境;相对而言,美国第一代女性室内装饰师都出生于中上阶层,她们的成长环境以及欧洲的生活经历都有利于其为美国富裕阶层提供室内装饰设计服务。而中国女性室内装饰师普遍出生于知识分子家庭,其毕业和工作的院校在其职业成长过程中发挥了关键作用,体现在职业准备和职业机遇两个方面。第二,美国第一代女性室内装饰师面对的项目以家庭空间为主,体现了富裕阶层的生活品味;而中国第一代女性室内装饰师面对的项目以政府公共空间为主,体现社会主义和民族性的双重需求。第三,美国女性室内装饰师继承的是欧洲传统,在此基础上发展出现代式的美国特色;中国第一代女性室内装饰师受到苏联影响,并在借鉴中国传统图案的过程中,探索古典式的民族特色。显然,中美女性室内装饰师在当时的社会语境与自我能动性的平衡中建构了其职业成长历程。她们的实践既促进了室内设计职业的进步,也提升了妇女地位。然而对于女性的偏见在室内设计中仍然存在,因而室内设计中的女性话语权力是一个值得未来继续探讨的议题。

Female designers play an essential role in the early stage of Chinese and American interior design history.The analysis of female designers in this stage from a comparative perspective is conducive to the construction of the cognition and understanding of Chinese and American interior design history.This paper compares them from the following three dimensions:personal growth;type,scale,and the serving object of their design works;design style and techniques.Through the comparison,there are the following similarities and differences found.First,all-female designers,either in the US or China,have a relatively superior family background,which helps for their career growth.Differently,American female designers were all born in the upper-middle class,and their growing environment and living experience in Europe contributed to enabling them providing interior decoration design services for the wealthy class in the United States then.However,the female designers in China were all born in intellectual families.And their graduation and working universities,which played an essential role in their career development,which secured them career preparation and career opportunities.Second,American female designers’projects mainly served family spaces,reflecting the wealthy class’s life taste;The Chinese female designers’projects are mostly government public space,reflecting the dual needs of socialism and nationality.Thirdly,the four American female designers built interior decoration design with American characteristics based on the inheritance of European traditions.Chinese female designers,influenced by the Soviet Union,borrowed traditional Chinese national patterns and transformed them into decorations suitable for specific buildings and interior spaces.Chinese and American female designers built the process of self-growth in the balance of social context and self-motivation at that time.They respectively presented the design state that met the Chinese and American social needs.In the process of their career growth,their practice not only promoted the progress of the interior design profession but also improved women’s social status.However,prejudice against women still exists in interior design,so women’s discourse power in interior design is a topic worthy of further discussion in the future.