论《庄子》之“美”的双重意蕴——兼论《庄子》美学的“相对主义”问题

On the Dual Meanings of Beauty in The Chuang-Tzu And on the Controversy of Relativism in Aesthetics of The Chuang-Tzu

《庄子》中存在着两种美:物的世界("人间世"的世界)中的美和道的世界("吾丧我"的世界)中的美。在物的视域中,道之美是不可理喻的;在道的视域中,物之美则是荒诞不经的。《庄子》从道的视域出发,否定了物的世界中的人为之美,超越了其自然之美;在此基础上,《庄子》认为道之美是一种大美,而大美又被"无"所规定--即"无美":其否定性表达为无言之美、无知之美、无为之美、无用之美等,其肯定性表达则为素朴之美、平淡之美、沉默之美等。"道"不是被"有"所规定,而是被"无"所规定,素朴、平淡、沉默等是道和万物的本性,而美正是对其本性的完美实现、显现和完成。基于此,一方面,《庄子》强调至乐无乐,大美无美;另一方面,《庄子》美学与相对主义大异其趣。

There are two types of beauty in The Chuang-Tzu:the beauty in material world where beauty is unreasonable and the beauty in the world of Tao where beauty is absurd.From the view of Tao,The Chuang-Tzu negates the artificial beauty could surpass the natural beauty in the world of things.On this basis,it holds that the beauty of Tao is a kind of great beauty,which is defined by“Wu”.Its negative expression is the beauty of speechless,of ignorance,of inaction,and of uselessness,etc,while its positive expression is the beauty of simplicity,wateriness,silence and so on.This is because Tao is defined by“Wu”instead of“You”,and simplicity,wateriness,silence and so on are the nature of Tao and all things,while the beauty is just the perfect realization,manifestation and completion of its nature.Therefore,The Chuang-Tzu emphasizes the real or great beauty is defined by Wu.On the other hand,Aesthetics of The Chuang-Tzu is quite different from the relativism.