我国南北两城市PM2.5主要污染物组分及来源分析

Analysis of PM2.5 main pollutant components and sources in two cities in north and south of China

目的分析我国南北两城市深圳和太原市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)主要成分及其污染来源。方法采集2017至2018年深圳和太原市空气中PM2.5样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅(Pb)、铝(Al)、砷(As)等10种金属元素浓度,用离子色谱法测定氟化物(F-)、氯化物(Cl^-)、硫酸盐(SO4^2-)等10种水溶性离子浓度,用高效液相色谱法测定萘、苊烯、苊等16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,用碳质分析仪测定有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)含量;采用因子分析法分析PM2.5的污染来源。结果太原市PM2.5样品中Pb、锰(Mn)、As、镍(Ni)、F^-、OC、EC浓度明显高于深圳市,钠盐(Na^+)、Cl^-、磷酸盐(PO4^3-)浓度低于深圳市(P<0.05);除萘外,太原市PM2.5样品中其余PAHs浓度均高于深圳市(P<0.05)。深圳市PM2.5样品中金属元素与水溶性离子污染来源由工业排放/机动车尾气因子(42.64%)、建筑/土壤因子(34.22%)和海洋因子(17.93%)构成,PAHs主要来源于燃油与机动车尾气因子(38.58%)、燃煤因子(30.78%)、生物质燃烧因子(24.38%)。太原市PM2.5样品中金属元素与水溶性离子来自建筑因子(30.26%)、燃油燃煤因子(24.58%)、二次粒子/土壤因子(22.03%)及工业因子(18.89%),PAHs主要来自燃油与机动车尾气因子(54.71%)、燃煤因子(43.54%)。结论深圳和太原市PM2.5成分存在较大差异,需要进一步加强企业的环境健康管理,根据各地污染来源有针对性进行治理。

Objective To analyze the pollution characteristics and source of fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in Shenzhen and Taiyuan,two cities in the north and south of China.Methods PM2.5 samples were collected from the year of 2017 to 2018.The levels of 10 heavy metal elements(Pb,Al,As,etc.),10 water soluble ions(F^-,Cl^-,SO4^2-,etc.)and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)(Nap,Acy,Ace,etc.)in PM2.5 were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),ion Chromatography and high Performance Liquid Chromatography respectively.USA commercial carbon analysis was applied to detect organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC).Source of PM2.5 was analyzed by Factor analysis method.Results The concentrations of Pb,Mn,As,Ni,F^-,OC and EC in PM2.5 of Taiyuan city were significantly higher than those of Shenzhen City,and the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and PO4^3-were lower than those of Shenzhen City(P<0.05).Except naphthalene,the concentrations of PAHs in PM2.5 of Taiyuan city were higher than those of Shenzhen City(P<0.05).The main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM2.5 in Shenzhen included:industry/vehicle exhaust factor(42.64%),construction/soil factor(34.22%)and ocean factor(17.93%).PAHs in PM2.5 in Shenzhen mostly came from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor(38.58%),coal combustion factor(30.78%)and biomass combustion factor(24.38%).Differently,the main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM2.5 in Taiyuan included:construction factor(30.26%),fuel oil and coal combustion factor(24.58%),secondary particles/soil factor(22.03%)and industry factor(18.89%).PAHs in PM2.5 were from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor(54.71%)and coal combustion factor(43.54%)in Taiyuan.Conclusion The sources of PM2.5 pollution are different between Shenzhen and Taiyuan,the occupational health management must be continuously strengthened,measures should be strengthened contrapuntally on the basis of different pollution sources.