20世纪中期美国北部城市住房隔离中的房地产商因素探析

Realtors'Impact on the Residential Segregation in American Northern Cities(1948-1968)

20世纪中期,大量南部黑人迁徙北上加剧了北部城市的房荒和种族隔离问题。“种族限制性契约”的废止让房地产商的隔离功能得以凸显,他们不仅利用职业便利性在房屋销售的全阶段把黑人全方位地隔离在白人主流生活空间之外,而且通过种族引导制等方法把黑人固着在各类聚居区中。在联邦住房机构、行业协会的保护以及白人社会的支持下,房地产商无所顾忌地在北部城市推行住房种族隔离,通过对城市更新动迁家庭的引导,在地理空间上区隔出内城中心区、传统白人住宅区、城市“飞地”、城市边缘交界区以及公共住房区,形成了内城与郊区、白人与黑人的二元对立,城市人口、种族和阶层因此被分化,由此导致的种族分立的加剧成为美国社会的巨大隐患。

In the mid-twentieth century,large number of southern blacks migrated into northern cities in the U.S.and intensified the housing shortages and racial segregation there.The abolition of“racial restrictive covenants”has highlighted the segregate functions of realtors.They not only made use of job convenience to segregate blacks from the main living spaces of white communities in all stages of house transactions,but also adopted such methods as“racial steering”to confine blacks to various ghettos.Under the protection of federal housing agencies and real estate associations,and with the support of white societies,realtors promoted residential segregation in northern cities in the U.S.unscrupulously.Through the racial steering of the newly relocated families by realtors,the geographical living space in the cities were divided into inside central cities,traditional white residential areas,urban“enclaves”,urban marginal borders,and public housing areas,which formed a binary opposition between the inner cities and the suburbs,as well as whites and blacks.Thereupon,the stratification of population,races and classes was unavoidable,and the deterioration of racial conflicts became a potential danger to the American society.