论六朝文论中的“文匠”说

On the Theory of Literary“Craftsmanship”during the Six Dynasties

六朝文论中有大量将作家比喻为精通技艺的"工匠"的现象。而参照此时十分发达的艺术技巧理论,会发现"文匠"说包含由浅至深的四重意义:严守文体规范的"镕范之匠"、重视语言技巧的"斫刻之匠"、辞采运用与情感抒发相结合的"性灵镕匠"、严守规矩与自由变通相呼应的"随变适会之匠"。六朝"文匠"说凸显对写作技艺的重视,并揭示了写作技巧与抒情审美功能的互动关系。它不仅沟通了文学与艺术创作的界限,还体现出六朝知识分子人文精神与劳动阶层工匠"技艺"精神的融会贯通,是古代文论中运用广泛、影响深远且意蕴深厚的褒义概念。

The literary theories during the Six Dynasties often compared writers to"craftsmen",who were proficient in handicraft.Referring to the well-developed art theory during this period,the connotation of"craftsman"can be considered in four dimensions:(1)a close adherence to the norm of literary styles,(2)an emphasis on language skills,(3)a balance between expressions of literary talents and emotions,and(4)a combination of conformance to rules and spirit of change.The theory of literary"craftsmanship"not only demonstrated an emphasis on writing techniques,but also disclosed its interactions with the lyrical and aesthetic functions of literature.In this way,it blurred the boundary between creations of literature and art and reflected a blending of the humanistic spirit of intellectuals and the technical spirit of craftsmen.Therefore,the theory of literary"craftsmanship"was a widely used one with far-reaching impact and profound meanings.