论陆九渊心学的思想史地位

On Status of Lu Jiuyuan′s School of Mind in Intellectual History

中国思想史的启蒙时代应定位于宋明理学。启蒙是个外来概念,评判中国社会的启蒙须确立本土标志。以“睁开眼睛看世界”确定启蒙是以西方思想为判据;以本位立场看,中国思想的启蒙在于确立“凡事都须讲道理”,因而宋儒树立天理概念当确认为启蒙标志。陆九渊心学是启蒙思潮重要一支。宋明理学释天命之性为天理,把先儒认定的天命之性贬低为气质之性,在理论上是有毛病的;然而其思想史意义很重要。其一,这个说法确认人与生俱来具备高贵性,从而为论证人的尊严奠定理论基础;其二,这个说法主张仁义礼智是人的存在组成部分,可解读为确认人之存在中有文化存在一维,这一发现在思想史上领先于西方思想。同为启蒙思想的理学、心学,心学独特贡献为良知返照。心体返照相当于西方哲学自身意识。“无善无恶是心之体”是对《中庸》“未发之中”之主宰义的证成。参照德国古典哲学遂知,主宰,即道德主体,相当于抽象人格。陆九渊心学的历史意义在于开启了自身意识觉醒之路。

Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties should be regarded as the threshold of the Age of Enlightenment in the intellectual history of China.Even though enlightenment is a foreign concept,a native standard is required for the evaluation of the equivalent phenomenon of the Chinese society.While the saying"open the eyes and see the world"implies a Western perspective on the enlightenment in China,from a more introspective standpoint,the quote"everything follows a principle"is better to pinpoint the enlightenment of Chinese thoughts,with the key concept of Principle of Heaven,established by neo-Confucian scholars.Lu Jiuyuan′s School of Mind is one of the most important ramifications of the enlightenment movement.It is a theoretical loophole of Neo-Confucianists to interpret Principle of Heaven as the nature endowed by Heaven,while degrading what old Confucian scholars considered as the nature endowed by Heaven by defining it as physical endowment.However,this conception has still made a significant impact on intellectual history of China.For the first reason,it affirms the inherent nobility of human nature,building a theoretical foundation for man′s dignity.For the second reason,this assertion advocates Ren(Human-heartedness),Yi(Righteousness),Li(Propriety)and Zhi(Wisdom)as constituent parts of being a mankind.This could be interpreted as a recognition of the dimension of cultural existence in the being of mankind,a discovery which may prevail the western thoughts in intellectual history.While School of Principle and School of Mind are both important thoughts of enlightenment,the unique contribution made by the latter is the idea of reflexivity of innate knowledge.Reflexivity of the substance of the mind is the equivalent of selbst in the western philosophy.By saying"in the original substance of the mind there is no distinction between good and evil",School of Mind justified a sense of dominance on the concept of the equilibrium of the state before activity in Doctrine of the Mean.Referred to German classical philosophy,the concept of moral agent,the equivalent of dominance,equals to abstract Person.Therefore,the historical significance of Lu Jiuyuan′s School of Mind is on its embarking on an awakening journey of selbst.