国家级自然保护区对区内农户的生计能力影响分析

Impact of National Nature Reserve on the Livelihood Ability of Farmers in the Area

基于2017年对湖北星斗山自然保护区进行调查的数据,运用可持续生计分析框架(SLA)对国家级自然保护区内农户生计能力的影响因素进行研究。结果表明:各项生计资本对农户生计能力的影响程度是有差异的,不能笼统地认为保护区建设弱化了农户的生计能力,只是农户的采摘活动、能源消费和动物破坏等因保护区的政策管控而对农户的收入有一定的影响。因此,政府应促进农户的人力资本、农户关系、林权质押、山水价值和农户消费五大生计资本协调发展,促进农户发挥土地价值,同时要创新生态补偿机制。

⑴Background——The construction of nature reserves is a specific action and an important carrier to promote ecological civilization,as well as an important part of the red line management of ecological protection.The living space of the residents overlaps highly with the nature reserve,and the construction of the nature reserve restricts some activities of farmers.In the era of promoting the sharing of economic development achievements of residents,the livelihood of farmers in the protected area is worth attention.⑵Methods——Based on the survey data of 209 farmers in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve of Hubei Province in 2017,by using the sustainable livelihood analysis framework(SLA),taking the five livelihood capital of farmers in the reserve as independent variables and the income of farmers as the dependent variable of their livelihood ability,the impact of livelihood capital on their livelihood ability is tested by regression model.⑶Results——The influence of the five livelihood capital on the livelihood ability of farmers is different.The order of the influence of the five livelihood capital on the income is:human capital,social capital,financial capital,natural capital,material capital.The absolute value of their regression coefficient decreases(0.165>0.107>0.084>0.071>0.023).Among them,human capital,social capital and financial capital have a significant positive impact on the livelihood ability of farmers at an obvious level of 1%.At the significant level of 10%,natural capital and material capital have no significant impact on the livelihood ability of farmers,but material capital has a negative impact on the livelihood ability.The human capital of a household is better when the householder is in good health and good education.Social capital is represented by the social relation network of farmer,which will be enlarged by the identity of Chinese Communist Party member and village cadre of householder.The more savings farmers have,the better their financial capital position will be.Farmers have more land and natural capital,which limits their non-agricultural income.The irrational consumption of farmers reduced the function of increasing income of material capital.At the same time,the model cannot prove that the construction of the reserve weakens the livelihood ability of farmers,that is,the influence of regional dumb variables is not significant.However,farmers'harvesting activities,energy consumption,animal damage and other factors have an impact on farmers'income and expenditure due to the management and control policies of the reserve.The government should give appropriate compensation for the impact of factors other than livelihood capital on farmers'incomes.However,the current ecological compensation mechanism only compensates the forest area of farmers,which is immobilized,lacking in flexibility and effectiveness.⑷Conclusions and Discussions——The government should promote the coordinated development of the five livelihood capitals of farmers,and play a guiding and even intervening role in human capital,farmers'relationship,farmers'pledge of forest rights,landscape value and farmers'consumption.Among the five livelihood capitals of farmers,we should not let any livelihood capital become the weak board that affects the income.The government should increase investment in human capital such as education and skills training.Strengthen the bond between farmers.Turn green waters and green mountains into gold and silver mountains.To guide the correct consumption concept of farmers.We will strengthen the forest ecological compensation mechanism and increase subsidies in a sustained and proportionate manner over a long period of time.Although the government plays an important role in promoting the livelihood capital of farmers,the main role of farmers cannot be ignored.