明代海南卫防御体系的演变及原因

Evolution and Reason of Defense System of Hainan Wei in the Ming Dynasty

1369年,明朝在海南岛设置海南卫,作为本岛的军管型政区.海南卫的卫一级建置比较稳定,有明一代未发生变动,但是卫辖千户所、千户所下辖军事设施变动频繁.海南卫防御体系先后经历4个发展阶段,分别是形成期(洪武时期)、稳定期(建文至宣德时期)、发展期(正统至正德时期)与衰落期(嘉靖时期至明末).嘉靖年间,琼崖参将府取代海南卫作为本岛最高军事职能机构,构建起以参将为中心的新防御体系.推动海南卫防御体系逐渐走向衰落的主因有四点:一是军户的逐渐减少,二是海南岛军事需求的转变,三是自然地理环境的制约,四是府州县政区传统的影响.

In 1369,the Ming dynasty established Hainan Wei(海南卫)as a military administrative region in Hainan island.Establishment of Hainan Wei was relatively stable,and the establishment had no change in the Ming dynasty.However,Qianhusuo(千户所)under the jurisdiction of Hainan Wei and military facilities under the jurisdiction of Qianhusuo changed frequently.Defense system of Hainan Wei has gone through four stages of development,which are formative period(Hongwu period),stable period(Jianwen to Xuande period),development period(Zhengtong to Zhengde period)and decline period(Jiajing period to the late of Ming dynasty).During the Jiajing period,Qiongya Canjiangfu(琼崖参将府)replaced Hainan Wei as the highest military institution in Hainan island,and built a new defense system centered on the Qiongya Canjiang.There are four main reasons for the gradual decline of defense system of Hainan Wei:the first is the gradual decrease of military registered residence,the second is the change of military demand in Hainan island,the third is the restriction of natural geographical environment,and the last is the influence of prefectures and counties tradition.