汉文佛典中“猴狲”之“狲”的语源--兼谈“孙悟空”何以姓“孙”

The Etymology of Sun(狲)in Housun(猴狲)of the Chinese Version of Buddhist Scriptures:Why the surname of"Monkey King"is"Sun"(as in Sun Wu-kong)

古代文献中称猴为"沐猴"(母猴、猕猴、马猴),六朝佛典中始出现"猴狲"一词,而其中词素"狲"为何义?《玉篇·犬部》:"狲,猴狲也。"亦语焉未详,且迄今无人考求。与此类似,汉语中还有"猞猁狲""兔狲""狻猊"(一作"狲猊")等含有"狲"的词。现通过比较,且求之梵语、蒙语、满语中相关词语,结论是:"狲"乃梵语、蒙语、满语中表示"兽"类的词尾"-sun""-suh"的音译,故"猴狲"应该是一个"小名+大名"的梵汉合璧词。进而还通过对"猴狲"一词的音变形式加以梳理,厘清了"孙行者""孙悟空"名号中"孙"的语源。

Monkey was called"mu-hou(沐猴)"(also as mu-hou母猴,mi-hou猕猴,or ma-hou马猴)in ancient Chinese literature.The word"hou-sun(猴狲)"first began to appear in the Buddhist scriptures during the Six Dynasties Period.But the meaning of morpheme,"sun(狲)",in"hou-sun(猴狲)"was unknown and no one has explored it before.It was explained that Sun(狲)meant the same as hou-sun(猴狲)in Quan Part of Yu Pian(爯玉篇爛犬部爲),which did not exactly explain the question.By comparing with the similar words-"she-li-sun(猞猁狲)","tu-sun(兔狲)",and"suan-ni(狻猊),or as"sun-ni(狲猊)"-and seeking the relative words and expressions in Sanskrit,Mongolian and Manchu,the article considers that"sun(狲)"is the transliteration of the suffix"-sun"or"-suh"in Sanskrit,Mongolian and Manchu,which means beast.Therefore,"hou-sun(猴狲)"is Chinese-Sanskrit combined word in the mode of"species name+category name".Furthermore,the article combs the different sound forms of the word"sun(狲)"and explores the etymology of"sun(孙)"in the names of"Sun Xing-zhe(孙行者)"and"Sun Wu-kong(孙悟空)",known as the Monkey King.